PYTHON 代码,尤其是别人写的代码看不懂。怎么办? 其实PYTHON中也提供了类似于C语言中用于debug 的 gdb。它叫做pdb。结合本人自己的学习,进行简单的举例,以做备忘和补偿学习。


首先参考资料:

1、http://web.stanford.edu/class/physics91si/2013/handouts/Pdb_Commands.pdf

2、https://docs.python.org/2/library/pdb.html


以 shadowsocks 的 local.py 代码为例子,演示相应的基本命令使用。


local.py 代码:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2012-2015 clowwindy
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.

from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, \
    with_statement

import sys
import os
import logging
import signal

sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../'))
from shadowsocks import shell, daemon, eventloop, tcprelay, udprelay, asyncdns


def main():
    shell.check_python()

    # fix py2exe
    if hasattr(sys, "frozen") and sys.frozen in \
            ("windows_exe", "console_exe"):
        p = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(sys.executable))
        os.chdir(p)

    config = shell.get_config(True)

    daemon.daemon_exec(config)

    try:
        logging.info("starting local at %s:%d" %
                     (config['local_address'], config['local_port']))

        dns_resolver = asyncdns.DNSResolver()
        tcp_server = tcprelay.TCPRelay(config, dns_resolver, True)
        udp_server = udprelay.UDPRelay(config, dns_resolver, True)
        loop = eventloop.EventLoop()
        dns_resolver.add_to_loop(loop)
        tcp_server.add_to_loop(loop)
        udp_server.add_to_loop(loop)

        def handler(signum, _):
            logging.warn('received SIGQUIT, doing graceful shutting down..')
            tcp_server.close(next_tick=True)
            udp_server.close(next_tick=True)
        signal.signal(getattr(signal, 'SIGQUIT', signal.SIGTERM), handler)

        def int_handler(signum, _):
            sys.exit(1)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, int_handler)

        daemon.set_user(config.get('user', None))
        loop.run()
    except Exception as e:
        shell.print_exception(e)
        sys.exit(1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


为了配合测试,写了一个假的配置文件config.json:

{
    "server":"127.0j.0.1",
    "server_port":8388,
    "local_port":10808,
    "password":"bgt56yhn",
    "timeout":600,
    "method":null
}


一、如何使用pdb 进行调试和获取帮助

1、脚本启动时,即载入pdb 调试信息

python -m pdb scriptfile [arg] #此中情况,程序在代码的第一行设置了一个断点


2、更改脚本加入pdb 调试信息

import pdb
pdb.set_trace()   # 在程序某处设置断点


OK ,我们这里为了图简单,就不去更改local.py 源代码了,直接使用第一种方法去调试

$ python -m pdb local.py  -c config.json
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(18)<module>()
-> from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, \
(Pdb) help

Documented commands (type help <topic>):
========================================
EOF    bt         cont      enable  jump  pp       run      unt   
a      c          continue  exit    l     q        s        until 
alias  cl         d         h       list  quit     step     up    
args   clear      debug     help    n     r        tbreak   w     
b      commands   disable   ignore  next  restart  u        whatis
break  condition  down      j       p     return   unalias  where 

Miscellaneous help topics:
==========================
exec  pdb

Undocumented commands:
======================
retval  rv

从以上结果也可以看出,默认代码的第一行为断点(只是一个假象的断点,显示断点指令是看不到的),程序停留在此处。

在pdb 状态下,使用help 指令可以获取pdb的帮助信息。


二、n(next)

n(next) 输入的时候,可以执行代码的下一行。

(Pdb) n
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(21)<module>()
-> import sys
(Pdb) n
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(22)<module>()
-> import os
(Pdb) n
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(23)<module>()
-> import logging
(Pdb)           # 此处为空白,按了一个回车键
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(24)<module>()
-> import signal
(Pdb)          # 此处为空白,按了一个回车键
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(26)<module>()
-> sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../'))
(Pdb)

注意:
一个很牛的特性是你可以单击回车键来执行以前的命令(在上面的例子中执行的指令为n)。


三、s(step) 、  b(break) 和 c(continue) 指令

s(step) 输入的时候,可以进入这行代码中的相关函数去执行

b num 输入的时候,是在某行(num)上设置一个断点。若直接输入b ,则显示所有的断点

本来,打算讲s(step)指令和 n(next)指令放到一起,做个比较。不过我更感觉s(step) 指令应该和b(break) 及 c(continue)结合起来一起用,这样感觉效率上更高。

以实际操作去说话,我想在main()函数上打一个断点,然后直接走到这个断点,最后进入main函数。

前提,我知道了 main() 函数位于 72行(函数位于文件中的哪一行,这个靠自己了)

> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(18)<module>()
-> from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, \
(Pdb) b 72     # 在72 行设置一个断点
Breakpoint 1 at /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:72
(Pdb) b        # 显示所有的断点
Num Type         Disp Enb   Where
1   breakpoint   keep yes   at /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:72
(Pdb) c        # 直接走到这个断点处
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(72)<module>()
-> main()
(Pdb) s        # s ,进入main 函数
--Call--
> /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(30)main()
-> def main():
(Pdb) l
 25      
 26      sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../'))
 27      from shadowsocks import shell, daemon, eventloop, tcprelay, udprelay, asyncdns
 28      
 29      
 30  ->    def main():
 31          shell.check_python()
 32      
 33          # fix py2exe
 34          if hasattr(sys, "frozen") and sys.frozen in \
 35                  ("windows_exe", "console_exe"):

(Pdb) n         # n 移动到下一行
> /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py(31)main()
-> shell.check_python()
(Pdb) s         # s 进入到 check_python 函数
--Call--
> /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/shell.py(35)check_python()
-> def check_python():
(Pdb)

以上调试中,用的了 l(list) 指令,这个指令的意思为显示代码。默认什么参数也没有的情况下。

显示当前行上下共11行代码。


四、clear num 清除先前设置的断点 ,这里的num 为第几个断点的意思

(Pdb) b 34
Breakpoint 1 at /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:34
(Pdb) b
Num Type         Disp Enb   Where
1   breakpoint   keep yes   at /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:34
(Pdb) l
 36              p = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(sys.executable))
 37              os.chdir(p)
 38      
 39          config = shell.get_config(True)
 40      
 41          daemon.daemon_exec(config)
 42      
 43          try:
 44              logging.info("starting local at %s:%d" %
 45                           (config['local_address'], config['local_port']))
 46      
(Pdb) b 41
Breakpoint 2 at /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:41
(Pdb) b         # 显示所有的断点
Num Type         Disp Enb   Where
1   breakpoint   keep yes   at /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:34
2   breakpoint   keep yes   at /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:41
(Pdb) clear 1    # 清除第一个断点
Deleted breakpoint 1
(Pdb) b
Num Type         Disp Enb   Where
2   breakpoint   keep yes   at /home/dexin/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/local.py:41
(Pdb)


五、p(print) 打印

这个指令的功能主要用于打印程序中的变量值

(Pdb) n
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/shell.py(37)check_python()
-> if info[0] == 2 and not info[1] >= 6:
(Pdb) l
 32      verbose = 0
 33      
 34      
 35      def check_python():
 36          info = sys.version_info
 37  ->        if info[0] == 2 and not info[1] >= 6:
 38              print('Python 2.6+ required')
 39              sys.exit(1)
 40          elif info[0] == 3 and not info[1] >= 3:
 41              print('Python 3.3+ required')
 42              sys.exit(1)
(Pdb) p info  # 打印变量值
sys.version_info(major=2, minor=7, micro=6, releaselevel='final', serial=0)


六、动态调整变量的值

(Pdb) n
> /home/test/python/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/shell.py(37)check_python()
-> if info[0] == 2 and not info[1] >= 6:
(Pdb) l
 32      verbose = 0
 33      
 34      
 35      def check_python():
 36          info = sys.version_info
 37  ->        if info[0] == 2 and not info[1] >= 6:
 38              print('Python 2.6+ required')
 39              sys.exit(1)
 40          elif info[0] == 3 and not info[1] >= 3:
 41              print('Python 3.3+ required')
 42              sys.exit(1)
(Pdb) p info
sys.version_info(major=2, minor=7, micro=6, releaselevel='final', serial=0)
(Pdb) info = (11,22,33)
(Pdb) p info
(11, 22, 33)


七、q(quit)退出

(Pdb) quit


转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/unixman/1663867