一.单表查询
1.创建表
1 create table emp(
2 id int not null unique auto_increment,
3 name varchar(20) not null,
4 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
5 #大部分是男的
6 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
7 hire_date date not null,
8 post varchar(50),
9 post_comment varchar(100),
10 salary double(15,2),
11 office int, #一个部门一个屋子
12 depart_id int
13 );
2.插入记录
1 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
2 insert into
3 emp(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
4 ('jason','male',18,'20170301','张江第一帅形象代言',7300.33,401,1),
5 #以下是教学部
6 ('egon','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
7 ('kevin','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
8 ('tank','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
9 ('owen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
10 ('jerry','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
11 ('nick','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
12 ('sean','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
13 ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
14 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
15 ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
16 ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
17 ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
18 ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3),
19 #以下是运营部门
20 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
21 ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
22 ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
23 ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
24 ;
25 #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
3.where约束条件
# 1.查询id大于等于3小于等于6的数据
1 select id,name from emp where id >= 3 and id <= 6;
2 select * from emp where id between 3 and 6;
# 2.查询薪资是20000或者18000或者17000的数据
1 select * from emp where salary = 20000 or salary = 18000 or salary = 17000;
2 select * from emp where salary in
3 (20000,18000,17000); # 简写
# 3.查询员工姓名中包含o字母的员工姓名和薪资
# 在你刚开始接触mysql查询的时候,建议你按照查询的优先级顺序拼写出你的sql语句
先是查哪张表 from emp
再是根据什么条件去查 where name like ‘%o%’
再是对查询出来的数据筛选展示部分 select name,salary
select name,salary from emp where name like '%o%';
补:# like: 模糊匹配# %: 匹配0个或多个任意字符 # _: 匹配一个任意字符
# 4.查询员工姓名是由四个字符组成的员工姓名与其薪资
1 select name,salary from emp where name like '____';
2 select name,salary from emp where char_length(name)
3 = 4;
# 5.查询id小于3或者大于6的数据
1 select * from emp where id not between 3 and 6;
# 6.查询薪资不在20000,18000,17000范围的数据
1 select * from emp where salary not in (20000,18000,17000);
# 7.查询岗位描述为空的员工名与岗位名 针对null不能用等号,只能用is
1 select name,post from emp where post_comment = NULL;
2 # 查询为空!
3 select name,post from emp where post_comment is
4 NULL;
5 select name,post from emp where post_comment is not
6 NULL;
4.groud by
1 SELECT sex FROM users GROUP BY sex(列名);
在这里,因为sex只有0和null两种值,所以被分做两组
#1.以组为单位统计组内数据>>>聚合查询(聚集到一起合成为一个结果)
# 每个部门的最高工资
1 select post,max(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的最低工资
1 select post,min(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的工资总和
1 select post,sum(salary) from emp group by post;
# 每个部门的人数
1 select post,count(id) from emp group by post;
#2.查询分组之后的部门名称和每个部门下所有的学生姓名
# group_concat(分组之后用)不仅可以用来显示除分组外字段还有拼接字符串的作用
1 select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by
2 post;
3 select post,group_concat(name,"_SB") from
4 emp group by post;
5 select post,group_concat(name,": ",salary)
6 from emp group by post;
7 select post,group_concat(salary) from emp group by
8 post;
补:查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字?
1 select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post;
#3.补充concat(不分组时用)拼接字符串达到更好的显示效果 as语法使用
1 select name as 姓名,salary as 薪资 from emp;
2 select concat("NAME: ",name) as
3 姓名,concat("SAL: ",salary) as 薪资 from emp;
# 补充as语法 即可以给字段起别名也可以给表起
1 select emp.id,emp.name from emp as t1; # 报错 因为表名已经被你改成了t1
2 select t1.id,t1.name from emp as t1;
#4. 查询四则运算
# 查询每个人的年薪
1 select name,salary*12 as annual_salary from emp;
2 select name,salary*12 annual_salary from emp;
3 # as可以省略
5.where与groud by
统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资
1 select post,avg(salary) from emp where age > 30
2 group by post;
# 对where过滤出来的虚拟表进行一个分组
6.having句型
having的语法格式与where一致,只不过having是在分组之后进行的过滤,即where虽然不能用聚合函数,但是having可以!
统计各部门年龄在30岁以上的员工平均工资,并且保留平均工资大于10000的部门
1 select post,avg(salary) from emp
2 where age >= 30
3 group by post
4 having avg(salary) >
5 10000;
7.distinct
对有重复的展示数据进行去重操作
1 select distinct post from emp;
8.order by
1 select * from emp order by salary asc; #默认升序排
2 select * from emp order by salary desc; #降序排
9.limit
先降序排列,再从最后往前数取两位。
1 SELECT
2 *FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2,2;
# 分页显示
1 select * from emp limit 0,5;
2 第一个参数表示起始位置,第二个参数表示的是条数,不是索引位置
# 限制展示条数
1 select * from emp limit 3;
# 查询工资最高的人的详细信息
1 select * from emp order by salary desc limit 1;
2 SELECT *FROM users LIMIT 2;从第一条开始返回,返回两条记录。
3 2,2;从第三条返回,返回两条。
10.聚合函数
count: 计数 max: 最大值 min: 最小值 avg: 平均值 sum: 求和
注意: 聚合函数:
- 只能跟在group by后(执行顺序)使用
- 若查询语句没有group by,则默认整张表就是一个分组。
11.正则
在编程中,凡是看到reg开头的,基本上都是跟正则有关
1 select * from emp where name regexp '^程.*(金|银|铜|铁)$';
12.其他
1 select post
2 from emp group by post; # 获取部门信息
13.顺序
书写顺序: - select - distinct -from- where - group by - having - order by - limit
执行顺序: -from- where - group by - having - select - distinct - order by - limit
二.多表查询
1.建表
1 create table dep(
2 id int,
3 name varchar(20)
4 );
5 create table emp(
6 id int primary key auto_increment,
7 name varchar(20),
8 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
9 age int,
10 dep_id int
11 );
2.插入数据
1 insert into dep values
2 (200,'技术'),
3 (201,'人力资源'),
4 (202,'销售'),
5 (203,'运营');
6 insert into emp(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
7 ('jason','male',18,200),
8 ('egon','female',48,201),
9 ('kevin','male',38,201),
10 ('nick','female',28,202),
11 ('owen','male',18,200),
12 ('jerry','female',18,204)
13 ;
3.表查询
1 select * from emp,dep;
2 #左表一条记录与右表所有记录都对应一遍>>>笛卡尔积
3 # 查询员工及所在部门的信息
4 select * from emp,dep where emp.dep_id = dep.id;
5 # 查询部门为技术部的员工及部门信息
6 select * from emp,dep where emp.dep_id = dep.id and
7 dep.name = '技术';
4. 将两张表关联到一起的操作,有专门对应的方法
1 # 1、内连接:只取两张表有对应关系的记录
2 select * from emp inner join dep
3 on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
4 select * from emp inner join dep on emp.dep_id =
5 dep.id
6 where dep.name ="技术";
7 # 2、左连接: 在内连接的基础上保留左表没有对应关系的记录
8 select * from emp left join dep
9 on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
10 # 3、右连接: 在内连接的基础上保留右表没有对应关系的记录
11 select * from emp right join dep
12 on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
13 # 4、全连接:在内连接的基础上保留左、右面表没有对应关系的的记录
14 select * from emp left join dep
15 on emp.dep_id = dep.id
16 union
17 select * from emp right join dep
18 on emp.dep_id = dep.id;
5.子查询
# 1.查询部门是技术或者人力资源的员工信息
select * from emp where dep_id in (select id from
dep where name = "技术" or name = "人力资源");