- 本文是该系列读书笔记的第二章数据预处理部分
- 获取数据
- 数据的初步分析,数据探索
- 地理分布
- 数据特征的相关性
- 创建新的特征
- 数据清洗, 创建处理流水线
本文是该系列读书笔记的第二章数据预处理部分
- 导入常用的数据分析库
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import os
import tarfile
from six.moves import urllib
获取数据
download_root="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ageron/handson-ml/master/"
house_path="datasets/housing"
housing_url=download_root+house_path+"/housing.tgz"
def fecthing_housing_data(housing_url=housing_url,house_path=house_path):
if not os.path.exists(house_path):
os.makedirs(house_path)
tgz_path=os.path.join(house_path,'housing.tgz')
urllib.request.urlretrieve(housing_url,tgz_path)
housing_tgz=tarfile.open(tgz_path)
housing_tgz.extractall(path=house_path)
housing_tgz.close()
def load_housing_data(house_path=house_path):
csv_path=os.path.join(house_path,"housing.csv")
return pd.read_csv(csv_path)
数据的初步分析,数据探索
# fecthing_housing_data() # 下载数据,解压出csv文件
housing=load_housing_data()
housing.head()
longitude | latitude | housing_median_age | total_rooms | total_bedrooms | population | households | median_income | median_house_value | ocean_proximity | |
0 | -122.23 | 37.88 | 41.0 | 880.0 | 129.0 | 322.0 | 126.0 | 8.3252 | 452600.0 | NEAR BAY |
1 | -122.22 | 37.86 | 21.0 | 7099.0 | 1106.0 | 2401.0 | 1138.0 | 8.3014 | 358500.0 | NEAR BAY |
2 | -122.24 | 37.85 | 52.0 | 1467.0 | 190.0 | 496.0 | 177.0 | 7.2574 | 352100.0 | NEAR BAY |
3 | -122.25 | 37.85 | 52.0 | 1274.0 | 235.0 | 558.0 | 219.0 | 5.6431 | 341300.0 | NEAR BAY |
4 | -122.25 | 37.85 | 52.0 | 1627.0 | 280.0 | 565.0 | 259.0 | 3.8462 | 342200.0 | NEAR BAY |
housing.info()
# total_bedrooms 存在缺失值,
# 前9列为float格式,经度,维度,房龄中位数,总的房间数,卧室数目,人口,家庭数,收入中位数,房屋价格的中位数,
# 最后一列为离海距离为object类型
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 20640 entries, 0 to 20639
Data columns (total 10 columns):
longitude 20640 non-null float64
latitude 20640 non-null float64
housing_median_age 20640 non-null float64
total_rooms 20640 non-null float64
total_bedrooms 20433 non-null float64
population 20640 non-null float64
households 20640 non-null float64
median_income 20640 non-null float64
median_house_value 20640 non-null float64
ocean_proximity 20640 non-null object
dtypes: float64(9), object(1)
memory usage: 1.6+ MB
# 需要查看ocean_proximity都包含哪些,
housing['ocean_proximity'].value_counts()
<1H OCEAN 9136
INLAND 6551
NEAR OCEAN 2658
NEAR BAY 2290
ISLAND 5
Name: ocean_proximity, dtype: int64
# 对数值类型的特征进行初步的统计
housing.describe()
longitude | latitude | housing_median_age | total_rooms | total_bedrooms | population | households | median_income | median_house_value | |
count | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20433.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 | 20640.000000 |
mean | -119.569704 | 35.631861 | 28.639486 | 2635.763081 | 537.870553 | 1425.476744 | 499.539680 | 3.870671 | 206855.816909 |
std | 2.003532 | 2.135952 | 12.585558 | 2181.615252 | 421.385070 | 1132.462122 | 382.329753 | 1.899822 | 115395.615874 |
min | -124.350000 | 32.540000 | 1.000000 | 2.000000 | 1.000000 | 3.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.499900 | 14999.000000 |
25% | -121.800000 | 33.930000 | 18.000000 | 1447.750000 | 296.000000 | 787.000000 | 280.000000 | 2.563400 | 119600.000000 |
50% | -118.490000 | 34.260000 | 29.000000 | 2127.000000 | 435.000000 | 1166.000000 | 409.000000 | 3.534800 | 179700.000000 |
75% | -118.010000 | 37.710000 | 37.000000 | 3148.000000 | 647.000000 | 1725.000000 | 605.000000 | 4.743250 | 264725.000000 |
max | -114.310000 | 41.950000 | 52.000000 | 39320.000000 | 6445.000000 | 35682.000000 | 6082.000000 | 15.000100 | 500001.000000 |
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 查看每个数值特征的分布,
housing.hist(bins=50,figsize=(20,15))
# plt.show()
array([[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x00000000179D4A20>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019A2A128>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019A557B8>],
[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019A7AE48>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019AAB518>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019AAB550>],
[<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019B03278>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019B29908>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000019B53F98>]],
dtype=object)
地理分布
housing.plot(kind="scatter", x="longitude", y="latitude")
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x19bbfcc0>
housing.plot(kind="scatter", x="longitude", y="latitude",alpha=0.4)
# 标量,可选,默认值无,alpha混合值,介于0(透明)和1(不透明)之间
# 显示高密度区域的散点图,颜色越深,表示人口越密集,虽然我对加州的地理位置不是特别清楚
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1a705b70>
housing.plot(kind='scatter',x='longitude',y='latitude',alpha=0.4,
s=housing['population']/50,label='population',
c='median_house_value',cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"),colorbar=True,
figsize=(9,6))
# import matplotlib
# plt.figure(figsize=(15,9))
# sc=plt.scatter(housing['longitude'],housing['latitude'],alpha=0.4,
# s=housing['population']/100,label='population',
# c=housing['median_house_value'],cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"))
# plt.legend()
# matplotlib.rcParams["font.sans-serif"]=["SimHei"]
# matplotlib.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# matplotlib.rcParams['font.size'] =15
# plt.xlabel('经度')
# plt.ylabel('纬度')
# color_bar=plt.colorbar(sc)
# color_bar.set_label('meidan_house_value')
# plt.show()
#以上为使用plt的完整代码,将坐标轴的内容以及添加colorbar,设置中文坐标轴标题
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x19ffb390>
# 房价与位置和人口密度联系密切,但是如何用数学的角度来描述几个变量之间的关联呢,可以使用标准相关系数standard correlation coefficient
# 常用的相关系数为皮尔逊相关系数
corr_matrix = housing.corr()
corr_matrix
longitude | latitude | housing_median_age | total_rooms | total_bedrooms | population | households | median_income | median_house_value | |
longitude | 1.000000 | -0.924664 | -0.108197 | 0.044568 | 0.069608 | 0.099773 | 0.055310 | -0.015176 | -0.045967 |
latitude | -0.924664 | 1.000000 | 0.011173 | -0.036100 | -0.066983 | -0.108785 | -0.071035 | -0.079809 | -0.144160 |
housing_median_age | -0.108197 | 0.011173 | 1.000000 | -0.361262 | -0.320451 | -0.296244 | -0.302916 | -0.119034 | 0.105623 |
total_rooms | 0.044568 | -0.036100 | -0.361262 | 1.000000 | 0.930380 | 0.857126 | 0.918484 | 0.198050 | 0.134153 |
total_bedrooms | 0.069608 | -0.066983 | -0.320451 | 0.930380 | 1.000000 | 0.877747 | 0.979728 | -0.007723 | 0.049686 |
population | 0.099773 | -0.108785 | -0.296244 | 0.857126 | 0.877747 | 1.000000 | 0.907222 | 0.004834 | -0.024650 |
households | 0.055310 | -0.071035 | -0.302916 | 0.918484 | 0.979728 | 0.907222 | 1.000000 | 0.013033 | 0.065843 |
median_income | -0.015176 | -0.079809 | -0.119034 | 0.198050 | -0.007723 | 0.004834 | 0.013033 | 1.000000 | 0.688075 |
median_house_value | -0.045967 | -0.144160 | 0.105623 | 0.134153 | 0.049686 | -0.024650 | 0.065843 | 0.688075 | 1.000000 |
数据特征的相关性
import seaborn as sns
plt.Figure(figsize=(25,20))
hm=sns.heatmap(corr_matrix,cbar=True,annot=True,square=True,fmt='.2f',annot_kws={'size':9}, cmap="YlGnBu")
plt.show()
corr_matrix['median_house_value'].sort_values(ascending=False)
"""
相关系数的范围是 -1 到 1。当接近 1 时,意味强正相关;
例如,当收入中位数增加时,房价中位数也会增加。
当相关系数接近 -1 时,意味强负相关;
纬度和房价中位数有轻微的负相关性(即,越往北,房价越可能降低)。
最后,相关系数接近 0,意味没有线性相关性。
"""
# 使用pandas中的scatter_matrix 可以从另外一种角度分析多个变量之间的相关性
from pandas.plotting import scatter_matrix
attributes=['median_house_value',"median_income","total_bedrooms","housing_median_age"]
scatter_matrix(housing[attributes],figsize=(12,9))
# sns.pairplot(housing[['median_house_value',"median_income",]],height=5)
# 使用seaborn中的pariplot可以实现同样的结果
housing.plot(kind="scatter",x='median_income',y='median_house_value',alpha=0.2)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1e3df9e8>
创建新的特征
- 重点关注收入的中位数与房屋价值的中位数之间的关系,从上图以及相关系数都可以得到两者之间存在很明显的正相关
- 可以清洗的看到向上的趋势,并且数据点不是非常分散,
- 我们之前统计得到的最高房价位于5000000美元的水平线
- 从频率分布直方图hist可以看到housing_median_age ,meidan_house_value 具有长尾分布,可以尝试对其进行log或者开根号等转化
- 当然,不同项目的处理方法各不相同,但大体思路是相似的。
housing['rooms_per_household']=housing['total_rooms']/housing['households']
housing['bedrooms_per_room']= housing['total_bedrooms']/housing['total_rooms']
housing['population_per_household']=housing['population']/housing['households']
corr_matrix = housing.corr()
corr_matrix['median_house_value'].sort_values(ascending=False)
# """
# 新的特征房间中,卧室占比与房屋价值中位数有着更明显的负相关性,比例越低,房价越高;
# 每家的房间数也比街区的总房间数的更有信息,很明显,房屋越大,房价就越高
# """
median_house_value 1.000000
median_income 0.688075
rooms_per_household 0.151948
total_rooms 0.134153
housing_median_age 0.105623
households 0.065843
total_bedrooms 0.049686
population_per_household -0.023737
population -0.024650
longitude -0.045967
latitude -0.144160
bedrooms_per_room -0.255880
Name: median_house_value, dtype: float64
数据清洗, 创建处理流水线
- 缺失值处理
- 处理object文本数据类型
- 特征放缩
- 构建模型pepeline
- 以上几个步骤我们在之前的博客中基本上都已经用过,这里作为读书笔记不会再过多的详细解释
# total_bedrooms特征缺失值处理
"""
- 去掉含有缺失值的样本,dropna()
- 去掉含有缺失值的特征 dropna(axis=1)
- 进行填充(中位数,平均值,0,插值填充) fillna(housing['total_bedrooms'].median()) 较为方便的使用pandas中的方法
"""
from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer
imputer=Imputer(strategy='mean')
housing_num=housing.drop('ocean_proximity',axis=1)
imputer.fit(housing_num)
Imputer(axis=0, copy=True, missing_values='NaN', strategy='mean', verbose=0)
housing_num_trans=pd.DataFrame(imputer.transform(housing_num),columns=housing_num.columns)
housing_num_trans.info()
# 缺失值补齐,总觉得如果是缺失值处理的话,可以直接用pandas中的fillna会节省一点时间,在原始的数据上直接处理掉,后面也就不用再去担心这个
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 20640 entries, 0 to 20639
Data columns (total 12 columns):
longitude 20640 non-null float64
latitude 20640 non-null float64
housing_median_age 20640 non-null float64
total_rooms 20640 non-null float64
total_bedrooms 20640 non-null float64
population 20640 non-null float64
households 20640 non-null float64
median_income 20640 non-null float64
median_house_value 20640 non-null float64
rooms_per_household 20640 non-null float64
bedrooms_per_room 20640 non-null float64
population_per_household 20640 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(12)
memory usage: 1.9 MB
# 处理文本object类型数据
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
encoder= LabelEncoder()
house_cat=housing['ocean_proximity']
house_cat_encode=encoder.fit_transform(house_cat)
house_cat_encode
array([3, 3, 3, ..., 1, 1, 1], dtype=int64)
encoder.classes_
array(['<1H OCEAN', 'INLAND', 'ISLAND', 'NEAR BAY', 'NEAR OCEAN'],
dtype=object)
- 在之前博客中也提到类似的操作,改操作可能会将两个临近的值
- 比两个疏远的值更为相似,因此一般情况下,对与类标才会使用LabelEncoder,对于特征不会使用该方式对特征转换
- 更为常用的操作是独热编码,给每个分类创建一个二元属性,比如当分类是INLAND,有则是1,没有则是0
- skleanrn中提供了编码器OneHotEncoder,类似与pandas中pd.get_dummies()
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
# OneHotEncoder只能对数值型数据进行处理,只接受2D数组
encoder=OneHotEncoder()
housing_cat_1hot=encoder.fit_transform(house_cat_encode.reshape((-1,1)))
housing_cat_1hot
<20640x5 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.float64'>'
with 20640 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>
housing_cat_1hot.toarray()
array([[0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
...,
[0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 0., 0.]])
# 使用LabelBinarizer 可以实现同样的效果
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer
encoder=LabelBinarizer()
housing_cat_1hot=encoder.fit_transform(house_cat)
housing_cat_1hot
array([[0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
...,
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0]])
# 直接在原始的数据上使用pandas.get_dummies()是最简单的方法
pd.get_dummies(housing[['ocean_proximity']]).head()
ocean_proximity_<1H OCEAN | ocean_proximity_INLAND | ocean_proximity_ISLAND | ocean_proximity_NEAR BAY | ocean_proximity_NEAR OCEAN | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
# 特征放缩 我们常用到的MinMaxScaler和StandandScaler两种
# 一般会对不同范围内的特征进行放缩,有助于优化算法收敛的速度(尤其是针对梯度提升的优化算法)
# 归一化: 减去最小值,然后除以最大最小值的差
# 标准化: 减去平均值,然后除以方差,得到均值为0,方差为1的标准正态分布,受异常值影响比较小,决策树和随机森林不需要特征放缩
# 特征放缩一般针对训练数据集进行transform_fit,对测试集数据进行transform
# 从划分数据集→pipeline
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
housing=load_housing_data()
# train_set, test_set = train_test_split(housing, test_size=0.2, random_state=42) # 随机采样
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit # 分层采样
split = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=1, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
housing["income_cat"] = np.ceil(housing["median_income"] / 1.5)
housing["income_cat"].where(housing["income_cat"] < 5, 5.0, inplace=True)
for train_index, test_index in split.split(housing, housing["income_cat"]): # 按照收入中位数进行分层采样
strat_train_set = housing.loc[train_index]
strat_test_set = housing.loc[test_index]
housing = strat_train_set.copy() # 创建一个副本,以免损伤训练集,
housing.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Int64Index: 16512 entries, 17606 to 15775
Data columns (total 11 columns):
longitude 16512 non-null float64
latitude 16512 non-null float64
housing_median_age 16512 non-null float64
total_rooms 16512 non-null float64
total_bedrooms 16354 non-null float64
population 16512 non-null float64
households 16512 non-null float64
median_income 16512 non-null float64
median_house_value 16512 non-null float64
ocean_proximity 16512 non-null object
income_cat 16512 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(10), object(1)
memory usage: 1.5+ MB
#转化流水线
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
num_pipeline=Pipeline([('imputer',Imputer(strategy='median')),('std_scaler',StandardScaler())])
housing = strat_train_set.drop("median_house_value", axis=1)
housing_labels = strat_train_set["median_house_value"].copy()
housing_num=housing.drop('ocean_proximity',axis=1)
housing_num_tr = num_pipeline.fit_transform(housing_num)
housing_cat=housing['ocean_proximity']
housing_cat_tr= LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(housing_cat)
housing_train=np.c_[housing_num_tr,housing_cat_tr]
housing_train.shape
# 数字特征与categoriy 特征不能同时进行转化,需要进行FeatureUnion
# 你给它一列转换器(可以是所有的转换器),当调用它的transform()方法,每个转换器的transform()会被并行执行,
# 等待输出,然后将输出合并起来,并返回结果
# 当然也可以通过分批转化,然后通过np将转化好的数据集合并,本质上没有什么区别,只不过对于测试集仍然需要transform,然后再合并成转化好的测试集
(16512, 14)
import os
import sys
sys.path.append(os.getcwd())
from future_encoders import ColumnTransformer
from future_encoders import OneHotEncoder
num_attribs = list(housing_num)
cat_attribs = ["ocean_proximity"]
full_pipeline = ColumnTransformer([
("num", num_pipeline, num_attribs),
("cat", OneHotEncoder(), cat_attribs),
])
housing_prepared = full_pipeline.fit_transform(housing)
housing_prepared
array([[-1.15604281, 0.77194962, 0.74333089, ..., 0. ,
1. , 0. ],
[-1.17602483, 0.6596948 , -1.1653172 , ..., 0. ,
1. , 0. ],
[ 1.18684903, -1.34218285, 0.18664186, ..., 0. ,
1. , 1. ],
...,
[ 1.58648943, -0.72478134, -1.56295222, ..., 0. ,
1. , 0. ],
[ 0.78221312, -0.85106801, 0.18664186, ..., 0. ,
1. , 0. ],
[-1.43579109, 0.99645926, 1.85670895, ..., 0. ,
1. , 0. ]])
np.allclose(housing_prepared, housing_train)
True