13.请求上下文源码分析
第一阶段:将ctx(request,session)放到Local对象上
第二阶段:视图函数导入:request/session
request.method
-LocalProxy对象.method,执行getattr方法,getattr(self._get_current_object(), name)
-self._get_current_object()返回return self.__local(),self.__local(),在LocakProxy实例化的时候,object.__setattr__(self, '_LocalProxy__local', local),此处local就是:partial(_lookup_req_object, 'request')
-def _lookup_req_object(name):
top = _request_ctx_stack.top #_request_ctx_stack 就是LocalStack()对象,top方法把ctx取出来
if top is None:
raise RuntimeError(_request_ctx_err_msg)
return getattr(top, name)#获取ctx中的request或session对象
第三阶段:请求处理完毕
- 获取session并保存到cookie
- 将ctx删除
程序运行,两个LocalStack()对象,一个里面放request和session,另一个放g和current_app
14.g对象
专门用来存储用户信息的g对象,g的全称的为global
g对象在一次请求中的所有的代码的地方,都是可以使用的
g对象和session的区别
session对象是可以跨request的,只要session还未失效,不同的request的请求会获取到同一个session,但是g对象不是,g对象不需要管过期时间,请求一次就g对象就改变了一次,或者重新赋值了一次
15.flask-session
作用:将默认保存的签名cookie中的值 保存到 redis/memcached/file/Mongodb/SQLAlchemy
安装:pip3 install flask-session
使用1:
from flask import Flask,session
from flask_session import RedisSessionInterface
import redis
app = Flask(__name__)
conn=redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1',port=6379)
#use_signer是否对key签名
app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz')
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
session['name']='lqz'
return 'Hello World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
使用2:
from redis import Redis
from flask.ext.session import Session
app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
Session(app)
问题:设置cookie时,如何设定关闭浏览器则cookie失效。
response.set_cookie('k','v',exipre=None)#这样设置即可
#在session中设置
app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz',permanent=False)
#一般不用,我们一般都设置超时时间,多长时间后失效
问题:cookie默认超时时间是多少?如何设置超时时间
#源码expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31),#这个配置文件控制
16.数据库连接池
import pymysql
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB
POOL = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
maxcached=5, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
maxshared=3, # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
maxusage=None, # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制
setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='123456',
database='test',
charset='utf8'
)
def func():
# 检测当前正在运行连接数的是否小于最大链接数,如果不小于则:等待或报raise TooManyConnections异常
# 否则
# 则优先去初始化时创建的链接中获取链接 SteadyDBConnection。
# 然后将SteadyDBConnection对象封装到PooledDedicatedDBConnection中并返回。
# 如果最开始创建的链接没有链接,则去创建一个SteadyDBConnection对象,再封装到PooledDedicatedDBConnection中并返回。
# 一旦关闭链接后,连接就返回到连接池让后续线程继续使用。
conn = POOL.connection()
# print(th, '链接被拿走了', conn1._con)
# print(th, '池子里目前有', pool._idle_cache, '\r\n')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute('select * from user')
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
conn.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
func()
数据库连接池.py
pymsql链接数据库
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123456', db='s8day127db')
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
# cursor.execute("select id,name from users where name=%s and pwd=%s",['andy','123',])
cursor.execute("select id,name from users where name=%(user)s and pwd=%(pwd)s",{'user':'andy','pwd':'123'})
obj = cursor.fetchone()
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
print(obj)
数据库连接池版
setting.py
from datetime import timedelta
from redis import Redis
import pymysql
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB, SharedDBConnection
class Config(object):
DEBUG = True
SECRET_KEY = "umsuldfsdflskjdf"
PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME = timedelta(minutes=20)
SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST= True
SESSION_TYPE = "redis"
PYMYSQL_POOL = PooledDB(
creator=pymysql, # 使用链接数据库的模块
maxconnections=6, # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
mincached=2, # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
maxcached=5, # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
maxshared=3,
# 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。
blocking=True, # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
maxusage=None, # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制
setsession=[], # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
ping=0,
# ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
host='127.0.0.1',
port=3306,
user='root',
password='123456',
database='s8day127db',
charset='utf8'
)
class ProductionConfig(Config):
SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host='192.168.0.94', port='6379')
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host='127.0.0.1', port='6379')
class TestingConfig(Config):
pass
utils/sql.py
import pymysql
from settings import Config
class SQLHelper(object):
@staticmethod
def open(cursor):
POOL = Config.PYMYSQL_POOL
conn = POOL.connection()
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=cursor)
return conn,cursor
@staticmethod
def close(conn,cursor):
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
@classmethod
def fetch_one(cls,sql,args,cursor =pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
conn,cursor = cls.open(cursor)
cursor.execute(sql, args)
obj = cursor.fetchone()
cls.close(conn,cursor)
return obj
@classmethod
def fetch_all(cls,sql, args,cursor =pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
conn, cursor = cls.open(cursor)
cursor.execute(sql, args)
obj = cursor.fetchall()
cls.close(conn, cursor)
return obj
17.wtforms
安装:pip3 install wtforms
使用1:
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.debug = True
class LoginForm(Form):
# 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
name = simple.StringField(
label='用户名',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'),
validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d')
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(), # 页面上显示的插件
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
)
# 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
pwd = simple.PasswordField(
label='密码',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'),
validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'),
validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-z\d$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符')
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
)
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'GET':
form = LoginForm()
return render_template('login.html', form=form)
else:
form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
else:
print(form.errors)
return render_template('login.html', form=form)
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<form method="post">
<p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
<p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
使用2:
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
app.debug = True
class RegisterForm(Form):
name = simple.StringField(
label='用户名',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired()
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(),
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'},
default='alex'
)
pwd = simple.PasswordField(
label='密码',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.')
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
)
pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
label='重复密码',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'),
validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致")
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
)
email = html5.EmailField(
label='邮箱',
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'),
validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误')
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'),
render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
)
gender = core.RadioField(
label='性别',
choices=(
(1, '男'),
(2, '女'),
),
coerce=int # “1” “2”
)
city = core.SelectField(
label='城市',
choices=(
('bj', '北京'),
('sh', '上海'),
)
)
hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
label='爱好',
choices=(
(1, '篮球'),
(2, '足球'),
),
coerce=int
)
favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
label='喜好',
choices=(
(1, '篮球'),
(2, '足球'),
),
widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
coerce=int,
default=[1, 2]
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球'))
def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
"""
自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致
:param field:
:return:
"""
# 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值
if field.data != self.data['pwd']:
# raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证
@app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
if request.method == 'GET':
form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 2,'hobby':[1,]}) # initial
return render_template('register.html', form=form)
else:
form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
else:
print(form.errors)
return render_template('register.html', form=form)
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>用户注册</h1>
<form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px">
{% for field in form %}
<p>{{field.label}}: {{field}} {{field.errors[0] }}</p>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
18.信号
Flask框架中的信号基于blinker,其主要就是让开发者可是在flask请求过程中定制一些用户行为
安装:pip3 install blinker
内置信号:
request_started = _signals.signal('request-started') # 请求到来前执行
request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished') # 请求结束后执行
before_render_template = _signals.signal('before-render-template') # 模板渲染前执行
template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered') # 模板渲染后执行
got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception') # 请求执行出现异常时执行
request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down') # 请求执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')# 应用上下文执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed') # 应用上下文push时执行
appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped') # 应用上下文pop时执行
message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed') # 调用flask在其中添加数据时,自动触发
使用信号:
from flask import Flask,signals,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
# 往信号中注册函数
def func(*args,**kwargs):
print('触发型号',args,kwargs)
signals.request_started.connect(func)
# 触发信号: signals.request_started.send()
@app.before_first_request
def before_first1(*args,**kwargs):
pass
@app.before_first_request
def before_first2(*args,**kwargs):
pass
@app.before_request
def before_first3(*args,**kwargs):
pass
@app.route('/',methods=['GET',"POST"])
def index():
print('视图')
return render_template('index.html')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.wsgi_app
app.run()
一个流程中的信号触发点(了解)
a. before_first_request
b. 触发 request_started 信号
c. before_request
d. 模板渲染
渲染前的信号 before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
rv = template.render(context) # 模板渲染
渲染后的信号 template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
e. after_request
f. session.save_session()
g. 触发 request_finished信号
如果上述过程出错:
触发错误处理信号 got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
h. 触发信号 request_tearing_down
自定义信号(了解):
from flask import Flask, current_app, flash, render_template
from flask.signals import _signals
app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
# 自定义信号
xxxxx = _signals.signal('xxxxx')
def func(sender, *args, **kwargs):
print(sender)
# 自定义信号中注册函数
xxxxx.connect(func)
@app.route("/x")
def index():
# 触发信号
xxxxx.send('123123', k1='v1')
return 'Index'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
19.多app应用
from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
from flask import Flask, current_app
app1 = Flask('app01')
app2 = Flask('app02')
@app1.route('/index')
def index():
return "app01"
@app2.route('/index2')
def index2():
return "app2"
# http://www.oldboyedu.com/index
# http://www.oldboyedu.com/sec/index2
dm = DispatcherMiddleware(app1, {
'/sec': app2,
})
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_simple('localhost', 5000, dm)
20.flask-script
用于实现类似于django中 python3 manage.py runserver ...类似的命令
安装:pip3 install flask-script
使用
from flask_script import Manager
app = Flask(__name__)
manager=Manager(app)
...
if __name__ == '__main__':
manager.run()
#以后在执行,直接:python3 manage.py runserver
#python3 manage.py runserver --help
自定制命令
@manager.command
def custom(arg):
"""
自定义命令
python manage.py custom 123
:param arg:
:return:
"""
print(arg)
@manager.option('-n', '--name', dest='name')
#@manager.option('-u', '--url', dest='url')
def cmd(name, url):
"""
自定义命令(-n也可以写成--name)
执行: python manage.py cmd -n lqz -u http://www.oldboyedu.com
执行: python manage.py cmd --name lqz --url http://www.oldboyedu.com
:param name:
:param url:
:return:
"""
print(name, url)
#有什么用?
#把excel的数据导入数据库,定制个命令,去执行