在面对这样的项目时,我们首先需要做的是对这个项目进行几个反面的分析:
1.需求分析
这个项目中的角色有两种:普通的用户(也就是借书还书的读者们)和管理员(也就是在后台操作管理这个系统的工作人员)
那么接着针对不同的角色就会进行不同的操作
针对普通用户,我们这个系统支持的操作是:
(1)查找书籍
(2)借阅书籍
(3)归还书籍
针对管理员,我们这个系统支持的操作是:
(1)查找书籍
(2)增加书籍
(3)删除书籍
(4)打印所有的书籍信息
2.概要设计
针对一个具体的项目,我们应该提前思考清楚这个系统项目应该能被分为几个模块,这每个模块都有书名功能作用,然后模块之间又是如何进行交互的。
由于图书馆管理系统这个项目程序过于简单,所有当前我们整个代码只有一个模块
3.详细设计
针对每个具体的模块中的更加详细的细节进行讨论和思考
4.开始编码
先创建类,把核心的类设计好,在类的设计过程中,我们只需要在前面的需求中查找关键词(名词)例如:Book, BookList, NormalUser, Admin(管理员)
注意:
针对前面考虑的一些操作(例如查找删除借阅等),可以通过以下两种方法来实现:
(1)把这些操作作为User(也就是NormalUser和Admin的父类)类方法来实现
(2)可以把这些操作理解为名词,每种操作对应一个类,User类只要持有这些类的实例就可以在本次编码中采用次方法
源码:
1.在book包中
(1)创建Book类
public class Book {
private String name;
private String id;
private String author;
private int price;
private String type;
private boolean isBorrowed;
public Book(String name, String id, String author,
int price, String type, boolean isBorrowed) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.author = author;
this.price = price;
this.type = type;
this.isBorrowed = isBorrowed;
}
public String getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public boolean isBorrowed() {
return isBorrowed;
}
public void setBorrowed(boolean borrowed) {
isBorrowed = borrowed;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Book{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id='" + id + '\'' +
", author='" + author + '\'' +
", price=" + price +
", type='" + type + '\'' +
", isBorrowed=" + isBorrowed +
'}';
}
}
(2)创建BookList类
import package5.B;
public class BookList {
//一共由 100 本书
private Book[] books = new Book[100];
//现在由 size 本书
private int size;
public BookList() {
books[0] = new Book("金瓶梅",
"001","兰陵笑笑生",
100,"古典名著",false);
books[1] = new Book("水浒传",
"002","施耐庵",
100,"古典名著",false);
books[2] = new Book("西游记",
"003","吴承恩",
100,"古典名著",false);
size = 3;
}
public void setSize(int size) {
this.size = size;
}
public int getSize() {
return size;
}
public Book getBook(int index) {
return books[index];
}
public void setBook(int index, Book book) {
books[index] = book;
}
}
2.在user包中
(1)创建User类
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import package_bookmanager.operation.IOperation;
abstract public class User {
protected String name;
// 持有当前用户支持的操作对象
protected IOperation[] operations;
public User(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
// 打印一个操作菜单
// 支持的操作不同,对应的才当也不同
abstract public int menu();
// 根据用户输入的选项(menu返回结果)
// 调用对应的操作对象
// 注意多态在这个代码中的体现
public void doOperation(int choice, BookList bookList) {
operations[choice].work(bookList);
}
}
(2)创建Admin类
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.regexp.joni.constants.OPCode;
import package_bookmanager.operation.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Admin extends User{
public Admin(String name) {
super(name);
operations = new IOperation[]{
new ExitOperation(),
new FindOperation(),
new AddOperation(),
new DelOperation(),
new PrintOperation()
};
}
@Override
public int menu() {
System.out.println("==============");
System.out.println("hello " + name);
System.out.println("1. 查找书籍");
System.out.println("2. 增加书籍");
System.out.println("3. 删除书籍");
System.out.println("4. 打印所有书籍");
System.out.println("0. 退出");
System.out.println("==============");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
return choice;
}
}
(3)创建NormalUser类
package package_bookmanager.user;
import package_bookmanager.operation.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class NormalUser extends User {
public NormalUser(String name) {
super(name);
// 在这里构造 Operation 数组
// 我们让数组中 Operation 对象的顺序和菜单中的序号相互匹配
operations = new IOperation[]{
new ExitOperation(),
new FindOperation(),
new BorrowOperation(),
new ReturnOperation()
};
}
@Override
public int menu() {
System.out.println("==============");
System.out.println("hello " + name);
System.out.println("1. 查找图书");
System.out.println("2. 借阅图书");
System.out.println("3. 归还图书");
System.out.println("0. 退出");
System.out.println("==============");
System.out.println("请输入您的选择:");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice = scanner.nextInt();
// close 本质上是在关闭 System.in
// 由于后面还需要用到 System.in,所以此处不能关闭
return choice;
}
}
3.在operation包中
(1)创建IOperation接口
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
public interface IOperation {
void work(BookList bookList);
}
(2)创建AddOperation类
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class AddOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("新增一本书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入书名:");
String name = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入序号:");
String id = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入作者:");
String author = scanner.next();
System.out.println("请输入价格:");
int price = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("请输入类别:");
String type = scanner.next();
Book book = new Book(name,id,author,
price,type,false);
bookList.setBook(bookList.getSize(),book);
bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() + 1);
}
}
(3)创建FindOperation 类
import package5.B;
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class FindOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("查找书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入要查找的书名");
String name = scanner.next();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if (book.getName().equals(name)) {
// 打印这本书的信息
System.out.println(book);
count++;
}
}
if (count == 0) {
System.out.println("没找到此书");
} else {
System.out.println("共计找到 " + count + " 本书");
}
}
}
(4)创建PrintOperation类
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
public class PrintOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("打印所有书籍信息");
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
System.out.println(bookList.getBook(i));
}
System.out.println("共计 " + bookList.getSize() + " 本书");
}
}
(5)创建ExitOperation类
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
public class ExitOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("goodbye!");
// 类似于C语言中的 main 函数 return 0
// 0 叫做"进程退出码"
System.exit(0);
}
}
(6)创建DelOperation类
import package5.B;
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class DelOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("删除书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入要删除的序号:");
String id = scanner.next();
// 先查找
int i = 0;
for (; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if (book.getId().equals(id)) {
// 找到了
break;
}
}
if (i >= bookList.getSize()) {
// 没找到
System.out.println("未找到要删除书籍!");
return;
}
// 处理找到了的情况
// 直接用最后一个元素覆盖当前要删除的元素
// 再进行尾删
Book lastBook = bookList.getBook(bookList.getSize() - 1);
bookList.setBook(i,lastBook);
bookList.setSize(bookList.getSize() - 1);
System.out.println("删除成功!");
}
}
(7)创建BorrowOperation类
import package5.B;
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class BorrowOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("借阅书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入要借阅的书的编号:");
String id = scanner.next();
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if (!book.getId().equals(id)) {
continue;
}
// 执行具体的借书操作
if (book.isBorrowed()) {
System.out.println("这本书已经被借走了!");
break;
}
book.setBorrowed(true);
}
}
}
(8)创建ReturnOperation类
import package_bookmanager.book.Book;
import package_bookmanager.book.BookList;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReturnOperation implements IOperation {
@Override
public void work(BookList bookList) {
System.out.println("归还书籍");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入要归还的书的编号:");
String id = scanner.next();
for (int i = 0; i < bookList.getSize(); i++) {
Book book = bookList.getBook(i);
if (!book.getId().equals(id)) {
continue;
}
// 执行具体的还书操作
if (!book.isBorrowed()) {
System.out.println("这本书已经被归还!");
break;
}
book.setBorrowed(false);
}
}
}