Java中在处理异常的时候,通常的做法是使用try-catch-finally来包含代码块,但是Java自身还有一种方式可以处理——使用UncaughtExceptionHandler。它能检测出某个线程由于未捕获的异常而终结的情况。当一个线程由于未捕获异常而退出时,JVM会把这个事件报告给应用程序提供的UncaughtExceptionHandler异常处理器(这是Thread类中的接口):
//Thread类中的接口
public interface UncaughtExceptionHanlder {
void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e);
}
在Java 5以后,可以通过以下实例方法来为每个线程设置一个UncaughtExceptionHandler:
Thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler handler);//实例方法
或者通过以下静态方法来设置默认的UncaughtExceptionHandler:
Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler handler);//静态方法
这些异常处理器中,只有一个将会被调用——JVM首先搜索每个线程的异常处理器,若没有,则搜索该线程的ThreadGroup的异常处理器。ThreadGroup中的默认异常处理器实现是将处理工作逐层委托给上层的ThreadGroup,直到某个ThreadGroup的异常处理器能够处理该异常,否则一直传递到顶层的ThreadGroup。顶层ThreadGroup的异常处理器委托给默认的系统处理器(如果默认的处理器存在,默认情况下为空),否则把栈信息输出到System.err。下面是一个Example:
import java.lang.Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler;
public class T {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//为所有线程设置默认的未捕捉异常处理器
Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(new MyDefaultExceptionHandler());
Thread.currentThread().setName("Main Thread");
Thread thread = new Thread(new MyTask("MyTask"), "Child Thread");
//为某个线程单独设置异常处理器
thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler());
thread.start();
//主线程抛出异常,将会使用默认的异常处理器
throw new RuntimeException("IllegalArgumentException");
}
}
class MyDefaultExceptionHandler implements UncaughtExceptionHandler {
@Override
public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
System.out.println("MyDefaultExceptionHandler: Thread: " +
t.getName() + ", Message: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
class MyUncaughtExceptionHandler implements UncaughtExceptionHandler {
@Override
public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
System.out.println("MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: " +
t.getName() + ", Message: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
class MyTask implements Runnable {
private String name;
public MyTask(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public MyTask(){}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public void run() {
throw new RuntimeException(name + " gets a NullPointerException");
}
}
执行结果:
MyDefaultExceptionHandler: Thread: Main Thread, Message: IllegalArgumentException
MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: Child Thread, Message: MyTask gets a NullPointerException
可以看到,Main Thread由于没有显式设置UncaughtExceptionHandler,其抛出的未捕获异常,被默认异常处理器MyDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler处理了,而Child Thread由于单独设置了UncaughtExceptionHanlder,其抛出的未捕获异常,则被Thread本身自带的MyUncaughtExceptionHandler处理了。
如果要为线程池中的所有线程设置一个UncaughtExceptionHandler,则需要为ThreadPoolExecutor的构造函数提供一个自定义的ThreadFactory(与所有的线程操控一样,只有线程的所有者能够改变线程的UncaughtExceptionHandler):
import java.lang.Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
public class T {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//使用自定义的ThreadFactory来创建线程,并绑定同一个异常处理器
UncaughtExceptionHandler handler = new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler();
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new MyThreadFactory(handler));
executor.execute(new MyTask("task1"));
executor.execute(new MyTask("task2"));
executor.execute(new MyTask("task3"));
executor.shutdown();
}
}
class MyTask implements Runnable {
private String name;
public MyTask(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public MyTask(){}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public void run() {
throw new RuntimeException(name + " gets a NullPointerException");
}
}
class MyUncaughtExceptionHandler implements UncaughtExceptionHandler {
@Override
public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
System.out.println("MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: " +
t.getName() + ", Message: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
class MyThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
private UncaughtExceptionHandler handler;
public MyThreadFactory(UncaughtExceptionHandler handler) {
this.handler = handler;
}
@Override
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
Thread thread = new Thread(r);
//在这里设置异常处理器
thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(handler);
return thread;
}
}
执行结果:
MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: Thread-0, Message: task1 gets a NullPointerException
MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: Thread-2, Message: task3 gets a NullPointerException
MyUncaughtExceptionHandler: Thread: Thread-1, Message: task2 gets a NullPointerException
从结果中可以看出,线程池中的每个线程都使用同一个异常处理器来处理未捕获的异常。
不过,上面的结果能证明:通过execute提交的任务,能将它抛出的异常交给未捕获的异常处理器。下面的例子只修改了main方法(其余部分请参考前文),以submit方式提交任务:
public class T {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//使用自定义的ThreadFactory来创建线程,并绑定同一个异常处理器
UncaughtExceptionHandler handler = new MyUncaughtExceptionHandler();
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new MyThreadFactory(handler));
//通过submit方法提交任务
Future future1 = executor.submit(new MyTask("task1"));
Future future2 = executor.submit(new MyTask("task2"));
System.out.println(future1.get());
System.out.println(future2.get());
executor.shutdown();
}
}
执行结果:
Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException:
java.lang.RuntimeException: task1 gets a NullPointerException
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:188)
at T.main(T.java:15)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: task1 gets a NullPointerException
at MyTask.run(T.java:31)
at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:471)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:262)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
结果告诉我们,future1.get的时候遇到了ExecutionException。那我们再来看看Future.get方法的实现(在java.util.concurrent.FutureTask类中):
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
int s = state;
if (s <= COMPLETING)//如果任务没有结束,则等待结束
s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
return report(s);//如果执行结束,则报告执行结果
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {
Object x = outcome;
if (s == NORMAL)//如果执行正常,则返回结果
return (V)x;
if (s >= CANCELLED)//如果任务被取消,调用get则报CancellationException
throw new CancellationException();
throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);//执行异常,则抛出ExecutionException
}
源代码说明:如果一个由submit提交的任务由于抛出了异常而结束,那么这个异常将被Future.get封装在ExecutionException中重新抛出。所以,通过submit提交到线程池的任务,无论是抛出的未检查异常还是已检查异常,都将被认为是任务返回状态的一部分,因此不会交由异常处理器来处理。