1. MariaDB数据类型
MariaDB数据类型可以分为数字,日期和时间以及字符串值。
使用数据类型的原则:够用就行,尽量使用范围小的,而不用大的。
1.1 常用的数据类型
整数:int,bit(位,0和1);bit(1)有两种可能,0或1,bit(2)有四种可能,00、01、10、11。
小数:decimal; #decimal(5,2)
字符串:varchar,char
日期时间:date,time,datetime
枚举类型(enum),比如gender类型有男、女等。
1.2 约束
1)主键primary key:物理上存储的顺序,有索引功能,不为空,不能重复,按序排序;
2)非空not null:此字段不能为空;
3)唯一unique:此字段不允许重复;
4)默认default:当不填写此值时会使用默认值,如果填写则已填写为准;
5)外键foreign key:对关系字段进行约束,当为关系字段填写值时,会到关联的表中查询此值是否存在,如果存在则填写成功,如果不存在则填写失败并抛出异常。外键设置原则:谁的范围小给谁设置外键。
数值类型 | 类型 | 字节大小 | 有符号范围(Signed) | 无符号范围(Unsigned) |
TINYINT | 1 | -128~127 | 0~256 | |
SMALINT | 2 | -32768~32767 | 0~65535 | |
MEDIUINT | 3 | -8388608~8388607 | 0~16777215 | |
INT/INTEGER | 4 |
|
| |
BIGINT | 8 |
|
| |
字符串 | 类型 | 字节大小 | 示例 | |
CHAR | 0~255 | CHAR(20)不管写多少,占用均为20字符 | ||
VARCHAR | 0~255 | 可伸缩,VARCHAR(22)最多22个字符,写多少占用多少,查询效率比CHAR差 | ||
TEXT | 0~65535 |
| ||
日期时间类型 | 类型 | 字节大小 | 示例 | |
DATE | 4 | 只有年月日,2019-5-15 | ||
TIME | 3 | 只有时分秒,14:56:36 | ||
DATETIME | 8 | 年月日时分秒 | ||
YEAR | 1 | 年 2019 | ||
TIMESTAP | 4 | 带有时区的详细信息,如‘2019-5-15 14:56:36’UTC |
2. SQL语句增删改
进入数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123
1> 查看
查看数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testbase |
+--------------------+
创建数据库testdb用作实验
MariaDB [(none)]> create database testdb character set utf8; #支持中文
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| testdb |
+--------------------+
使用数据库testdb
MariaDB [(none)]> use testdb;
MariaDB [testdb]> show tables; #查看表
Empty set (0.000 sec) #空表
创建一个classes表,有ip、name两个字段(列),ip为无符号的整型数,设置有主键,name为VARCHAR类型的字符串
MariaDB [testdb]> create table classes (id tinyint unsigned primary key,name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.005 sec)
MariaDB [testdb]> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb |
+-------------------+
| classes |
+-------------------+
查看表的字段
MariaDB [testdb]> desc classes; #describe,描述
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra|
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+------+
| id | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+------+
#定义 类型 是否为空 是否主键 默认值 扩展
linux当中的注释用#,而数据库中的注释用--
创建一个复杂的students表,包含字段id、name、age、high、gender、cls_id
MariaDB [testdb]> create table students (id tinyint unsigned primary key auto_increment,
-> name varchar(20),
-> age tinyint unsigned,
-> gender enum('男', '女', '人妖','保密')not null default '人妖', #枚举,默认为‘人妖’
-> cls_id tinyint unsigned
-> );
MariaDB [testdb]> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_testdb |
+------------------+
| classes |
| students |
+------------------+
MariaDB [testdb]> desc students;
+--------+-----------------------------+------+-----+----------+---------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('男','女','人妖','保密') | NO | | 人妖 | |
| cls_id | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
查看表的创建
MariaDB [testdb]> show create table students;
…….. #列出语法
| students | CREATE TABLE `students` (
`id` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`gender` enum('男','女','人妖','保密') NOT NULL DEFAULT '人妖',
`cls_id` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #默认引擎为InnoDB
………
MariaDB处理引擎有InnoDB、MyISAM、blackhole等,最主要的区别在于InnoDB支持事务处理与外键和行级锁。
2> 改字段
修改表:修改用命令alter
添加一个brithday字段,类型为date
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students add brithday date;
MariaDB [testdb]> desc students;
+----------+--------------------------------------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------------------------------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('男','女','人妖','保密') | NO |人妖 | | |
| cls_id | tinyint(3) unsigned YES | |NULL | | |
| brithday | date | YES | | NULL | |
更改字段名
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students change brithday birthday date;
更改表的类型
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students modify birthday datetime;
删除字段
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students drop birthday;
删除表
MariaDB [testdb]> drop table students;
3> 给字段插入数据
向students表插入数据,value接值,ip为1,name为zxj,字符串类型用单引号引起,age为250,high为250.253,gender为人妖id_cls为1
MariaDB [testdb]> insert into students values (1,'zxj',250.253,'人妖',1);
查看插入的字段
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
由于id设置的是自增,因此每次插入时id都是增加的,为体现效果,手动插入id为4的一条数据
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
MariaDB [testdb]> insert into students values (0,'zxj',250.253,'人妖',1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [testdb]> show create table students;
….
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #当前默认值为为6,因此下一次默认添加数据时自增为6
对部分插入,比如仅对name、age添加数据
MariaDB [testdb]> insert into students (name,age) values ('wrl' ,24);
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 6 | wrl | 24 | 人妖 | NULL | #gender设置了默认值为‘人妖’
+----+------+------+-------+---------+
删除一条数据
MariaDB [testdb]> delete from students where id=6; #条件表达式where
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
插入多条数据
MariaDB [testdb]> insert into students (name,age) values ('wrl' ,24),('my',23); #多条数据以逗号隔开,字符串加单引号
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 人妖 | NULL |
| 8 | my | 23 | 人妖 | NULL |
4> 修改字段数据,用命令update
修改id>=7的数据的gender为‘保密’
MariaDB [testdb]> update students set gender='保密' where id>=7;
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | name | age | gender |cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------- +-------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 人妖 | 1 |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 保密 | NULL |
| 8 | my | 23 | 保密 | NULL |
+----+------+------+---------+--------+
由于gender设置是枚举,选项有四个,因此可以用1、2、3、4来代替男、女、人妖、保密 四个选项。
MariaDB [testdb]> update students set gender=1 where id=7;
MariaDB [testdb]> update students set gender=2 where id=8;
MariaDB [testdb]> update students set gender=4 where name='zxj';
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+---------+----------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+---------+----------+
| 1 | zxj | 250 | 保密 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 250 | 保密 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 250 | 保密 | 1 |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 男 | NULL |
| 8 | my | 23 | 女 | NULL |
+----+------+------+--------+-----------+
还可以修改多条数据的多个字段(列),如
MariaDB [testdb]> update students set gender=2,age=23 where name='zxj';
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.001 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 |
| 4 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 |
| 5 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 男 |NULL |
| 8 | my | 23 | 女 |NULL |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)
5> 删除
删除students表中id为4、5的数据
MariaDB [testdb]> delete from students where id=4;
MariaDB [testdb]> delete from students where id=5;
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
| 1 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 男 | NULL |
| 8 | my | 23 | 女 | NULL |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+
清空表。清空表的内容不要随便用,会清除所有数据。
MariaDB [testdb]> delete from students;
面试:用delete并不会清除自增AUTO_UNCREMENT的值,若要清空表后重置自增值为1,用truncate命令,truncate会清空表的所有内容且不可恢复(不能回滚)。
MariaDB [testdb]> truncate table students;
6> 逻辑删除
用一条字段来表示这条信息是否已经不能在使用了,比如游戏企业通过设置一个字段来表示哪些用户活跃,哪些用户不活跃等。一般企业都将逻辑删除标记为bit(0和1)。逻辑删除并不会删除磁盘数据。
先在students表中添加一个逻辑删除标记ls_delete,bit类型,默认为0
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students add is_delete bit default 0;
MariaDB [testdb]> desc students;
………
| is_delete | bit(1) | YES | | b'0' |
MariaDB [testdb]> insert into students (name,age,is_delete) values ('jony',24,1);
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 | | #bit=0数值较小,不显示不代表没有
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 男 | NULL | || 8 | my | 23 | 女 | NULL | |
| 9 | jony | 24 | 人妖 | NULL | 口 | #bit=1
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)
用is_delete来表明删除项,如筛选bit不为0的用户
MariaDB [testdb]> select * from students where is_delete=0;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | zxj | 23 | 女 | 1 | |
| 7 | wrl | 24 | 男 | NULL | |
| 8 | my | 23 | 女 | NULL | |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+-----------+