Raspberry Pi 3 B+安装Arch Linux ARM
最近不知道怎么回事，一直有把笔记本系统更换为Arch Linux的骚动，无奈笔记本中工作资料比较多，未能实现该想法。不过内心的骚动还是要小小的满足一下滴，祭出吃灰的Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+先感受一下Arch魅力。
准备
- Raspberry Pi 3 B+
- 内存卡32G及读卡器
- Arch Linux ARM系统包
- 网线
安装
为了让每个人都能够安装本篇文章安装成功，我先在虚拟机里安装Arch Linux，感受一下Arch Linux的安装过程，以下操作都在虚拟机中进行，屏蔽了Windows/macOS/Linux系统带来的差异。
分区
内存卡连接至虚拟机，lsblk查看内存卡盘符，fdisk /dev/sdx格式化内存卡
可以看到sdb是我的内存卡，有sdb1、sdb2是由于之前安装都系统了。
本次使用到的fdisk操作，更多查看Linux命令大全https://man.linuxde.net/fdiskp列出分区
o创建DOS分区表
n创建新分区
t -> 1 -> c设置分区1的类型为W95 FAT32 (LBA)
w写入保存分区并退出
下面开始分区
[root@archlinux ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.36).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x813d368b.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-62333951, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-62333951, default 62333951): +1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (2099200-62333951, default 2099200):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-62333951, default 62333951):
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 28.7 GiB.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): L
00 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
01 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
02 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
03 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
04 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
05 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
06 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
07 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
08 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
09 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
0a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
0b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
0c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Linux extended
0e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
0f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
Aliases:
linux - 83
swap - 82
extended - 05
uefi - EF
raid - FD
lvm - 8E
linuxex - 85
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): c
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 29.72 GiB, 31914983424 bytes, 62333952 sectors
Disk model: Flash Disk
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x813d368b
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/sdb2 2099200 62333951 60234752 28.7G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.格式化并挂载
[root@archlinux ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 64G 0 disk
└─sda1 8:1 0 64G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 1 29.7G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 1 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 1 28.7G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
[root@archlinux ~]#
[root@archlinux ~]# mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdb1
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
[root@archlinux ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 7529344 4k blocks and 1884160 inodes
Filesystem UUID: cbbfe84e-55a1-47c4-9534-ed162275f598
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@archlinux ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/
[root@archlinux ~]# mkdir /mnt/boot
[root@archlinux ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot/
[root@archlinux ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
dev devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
run tmpfs 487M 540K 486M 1% /run
/dev/sda1 ext4 63G 2.8G 57G 5% /
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 487M 0 487M 0% /tmp
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb2 ext4 29G 45M 27G 1% /mnt
/dev/sdb1 vfat 1022M 4.0K 1022M 1% /mnt/boot系统安装
根据自己的机器型号下载不通的版本http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/rpi/
[root@archlinux ~]# wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/rpi/ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz
--2020-08-01 21:19:57-- http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/rpi/ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz
Resolving mirrors.ustc.edu.cn (mirrors.ustc.edu.cn)... 202.141.176.110, 2001:da8:d800:95::110
Connecting to mirrors.ustc.edu.cn (mirrors.ustc.edu.cn)|202.141.176.110|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 566548464 (540M) [application/gzip]
Saving to: ‘ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz’
ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootf 100%[=======================================================>] 540.30M 4.39MB/s in 98s
2020-08-01 21:21:35 (5.49 MB/s) - ‘ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz’ saved [566548464/566548464]
[root@archlinux ~]# wget http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/rpi/ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz.md5
--2020-08-01 21:43:36-- http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/rpi/ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz.md5
Resolving mirrors.ustc.edu.cn (mirrors.ustc.edu.cn)... 202.141.176.110, 2001:da8:d800:95::110
Connecting to mirrors.ustc.edu.cn (mirrors.ustc.edu.cn)|202.141.176.110|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 75 [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz.md5’
ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootf 100%[=======================================================>] 75 --.-KB/s in 0.06s
2020-08-01 21:43:36 (1.22 KB/s) - ‘ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz.md5’ saved [75/75]
[root@archlinux ~]# cat ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz.md5
4ca94920471faacfcf2e89e1e13de3cf ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz
[root@archlinux ~]#
[root@archlinux ~]# md5sum ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz
4ca94920471faacfcf2e89e1e13de3cf ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz
[root@archlinux ~]# bsdtar -xpf ArchLinuxARM-2020.06-rpi-3-rootfs.tar.gz -C /mnt
[root@archlinux ~]# ls /mnt/
bin boot dev etc home lib lost+found mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@archlinux ~]#
[root@archlinux ~]# ls /mnt/boot/
bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb bootcode.bin dtbs fixup_cd.dat Image.gz mkscr start_cd.elf
bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb boot.scr fixup4cd.dat fixup.dat initramfs-linux-fallback.img start4cd.elf start_db.elf
bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb boot.txt fixup4.dat fixup_db.dat initramfs-linux.img start4db.elf start.elf
bcm2711-rpi-4-b.dtb config.txt fixup4db.dat Image kernel8.img start4.elf
[root@archlinux ~]# umount /mnt/boot/
[root@archlinux ~]# umount /mnt/启动树莓派
插上网线，连上电源，开机。
网线口绿灯亮，证明网络通，可以SSH登录。
普通用户alarm/alarm 超级用户root/root，没有更改sshd服务配置之前，root用户无法远程登录。
问题
- Raspberry Pi 启动后，系统正确安装且网络无异常，但SSH无法连接？
检查系统dhcpcd.service服务是否开机自启动
1、将系统分区挂载至/mnt下
2、查看目录/mnt/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/中有无dhcpcd.service服务的文件链接
[root@archlinux ~]# cd /mnt/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
[root@archlinux multi-user.target.wants]# ls -lrt
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Jun 11 20:57 remote-fs.target -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/remote-fs.target
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 48 Jun 11 20:58 systemd-resolved.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 48 Jun 11 20:58 systemd-networkd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Jun 11 20:58 sshd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service3、若无，添加开机dhcpcd.service自启动；如有，排查其它原因
[root@archlinux ~]# cd /mnt/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
[root@archlinux multi-user.target.wants]# ln -sf /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpcd.service dhcpcd.service
[root@archlinux multi-user.target.wants]# ls -lrt
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Jun 11 20:57 remote-fs.target -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/remote-fs.target
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 48 Jun 11 20:58 systemd-resolved.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 48 Jun 11 20:58 systemd-networkd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Jun 11 20:58 sshd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 38 Aug 1 22:56 dhcpcd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpcd.service补充
- 格式化磁盘时使用哪种分区表要开机器的启动引导方式，Linux ARM用的是DOS格式。
- 需要网线是因为我不知道在没显示器的情况下怎么WiFi连接，安装raspbian-buster系统时可以在根目录放置wpa_supplicant.conf文件，但在Arch Linux ARM系统上我没有测试，不确定可不可行，如果有知道的同学麻烦告诉我一下。
- 对于Linux系统各个发行版本的争论一直都有，极端心态不可取，各玩各的就挺好的，自己用什么发行版自己决定就好，搞鄙视链就挺头大的。
- 如果有换系统的打算，建议先虚拟机或双系统使用一段时间，Linux的软件生态还不是很健全，某些软件真没有，微软在中国发展这么多年不是吃白饭的。
参考
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