webmvc和webflux作为spring framework的两个重要模块,代表了两个IO模型,阻塞式和非阻塞式的。
webmvc是基于servlet的阻塞式模型(一般称为oio),一个请求到达服务器后会单独分配一个线程去处理请求,如果请求包含IO操作,线程在IO操作结束之前一直处于阻塞等待状态,这样线程在等待IO操作结束的时间就浪费了。
WebFlux
Spring WebFlux 是一个异步非阻塞式的 Web 框架,它能够充分利用多核 CPU 的硬件资源去处理大量的并发请求。
WebFlux 内部使用的是响应式编程(Reactive Programming),以 Reactor 库为基础, 基于异步和事件驱动,可以让我们在不扩充硬件资源的前提下,提升系统的吞吐量和伸缩性。WebFlux 并不能使接口的响应时间缩短,它仅仅能够提升吞吐量和伸缩性。
Spring Reactor
Spring Reactor 是一个反应式库,用于根据反应式流规范在 JVM 上构建非阻塞应用。它是完全非阻塞的,支持反应流背压,并在 Netty,Undertow 和 Servlet 3.1+容器等服务器上运行。
Reactor 项目提供两种类型的发布者:
Flux 是产生 0 到 N 个值的发布者,返回多个元素的操作使用此类型。
Mono 是产生 0 到 1 值的发布者,它用于返回单个元素的操作。
1、添加依赖,版本自行选择
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webflux</artifactId>
</dependency>
2、请求接入
方式1: 注解方式开发
package com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.controller;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.common.result.RestOut;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dto.User;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.service.impl.JpaEntityServiceImpl;
import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParam;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiImplicitParams;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
/**
* Mono 和 Flux 适用于两个场景,即:
* Mono:实现发布者,并返回 0 或 1 个元素,即单对象。
* Flux:实现发布者,并返回 N 个元素,即 List 列表对象。
* 有人会问,这为啥不直接返回对象,比如返回 City/Long/List。
* 原因是,直接使用 Flux 和 Mono 是非阻塞写法,相当于回调方式。
* 利用函数式可以减少了回调,因此会看不到相关接口。这恰恰是 WebFlux 的好处:集合了非阻塞 + 异步
*/
@Slf4j
@Api(value = "用户信息、基础学习DEMO", tags = {"用户信息DEMO"})
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/user")
public class UserReactiveController
{
@ApiOperation(value = "回显测试", notes = "提示接口使用者注意事项", httpMethod = "GET")
@RequestMapping(value = "/hello")
@ApiImplicitParams({
@ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "query", dataType="string",dataTypeClass = String.class, name = "name",value = "名称", required = true)})
public Mono<RestOut<String>> hello(@RequestParam(name = "name") String name)
{
log.info("方法 hello 被调用了");
return Mono.just(RestOut.succeed("hello " + name));
}
@Resource
JpaEntityServiceImpl jpaEntityService;
@PostMapping("/add/v1")
@ApiOperation(value = "插入用户" )
@ApiImplicitParams({
// @ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataType="java.lang.Long", name = "userId", required = false),
// @ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataType="用户", name = "dto", required = true)
@ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body",dataTypeClass = User.class, dataType="User", name = "dto", required = true),
})
// @ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataType="com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dto.User", required = true)
public Mono<User> userAdd(@RequestBody User dto)
{
//命令式写法
// jpaEntityService.delUser(dto);
//响应式写法
return Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(jpaEntityService.addUser(dto)));
}
@PostMapping("/del/v1")
@ApiOperation(value = "响应式的删除")
@ApiImplicitParams({
@ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataType="User",dataTypeClass = User.class,name = "dto", required = true),
})
public Mono<User> userDel(@RequestBody User dto)
{
//命令式写法
// jpaEntityService.delUser(dto);
//响应式写法
return Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(jpaEntityService.delUser(dto)));
}
@PostMapping("/list/v1")
@ApiOperation(value = "查询用户")
public Flux<User> listAllUser()
{
log.info("方法 listAllUser 被调用了");
//命令式写法 改为响应式 以下语句,需要在流中执行
// List<User> list = jpaEntityService.selectAllUser();
//响应式写法
Flux<User> userFlux = Flux.fromIterable(jpaEntityService.selectAllUser());
return userFlux;
}
@PostMapping("/detail/v1")
@ApiOperation(value = "响应式的查看")
@ApiImplicitParams({
@ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataTypeClass = User.class,dataType="User", name = "dto", required = true),
})
public Mono<User> getUser(@RequestBody User dto)
{
log.info("方法 getUser 被调用了");
//构造流
Mono<User> userMono = Mono.justOrEmpty(jpaEntityService.selectOne(dto.getUserId()));
return userMono;
}
@PostMapping("/detail/v2")
@ApiOperation(value = "命令式的查看")
@ApiImplicitParams({
@ApiImplicitParam(paramType = "body", dataType="User",dataTypeClass = User.class, name = "dto", required = true),
}) public RestOut<User> getUserV2(@RequestBody User dto)
{
log.info("方法 getUserV2 被调用了");
User user = jpaEntityService.selectOne(dto.getUserId());
return RestOut.success(user);
}
}
方式2: 配置模式进行WebFlux 接口开发
package com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.config.handler;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.common.exception.BusinessException;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dto.User;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.service.impl.JpaEntityServiceImpl;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.ServerRequest;
import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.ServerResponse;
import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8;
import static org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.ServerResponse.ok;
@Slf4j
@Component
public class UserReactiveHandler
{
@Resource
private JpaEntityServiceImpl jpaEntityService;
/**
* 得到所有用户
*
* @param request
* @return
*/
public Mono<ServerResponse> getAllUser(ServerRequest request)
{
log.info("方法 getAllUser 被调用了");
return ok().contentType(APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
.body(Flux.fromIterable(jpaEntityService.selectAllUser()), User.class);
}
/**
* 创建用户
*
* @param request
* @return
*/
public Mono<ServerResponse> createUser(ServerRequest request)
{
// 2.0.0 是可以工作, 但是2.0.1 下面这个模式是会报异常
Mono<User> user = request.bodyToMono(User.class);
/**Mono 使用响应式的,时候都是一个流,是一个发布者,任何时候都不能调用发布者的订阅方法
也就是不能消费它, 最终的消费还是交给我们的Springboot来对它进行消费,任何时候不能调用它的
user.subscribe();
不能调用block
把异常放在统一的地方来处理
*/
return user.flatMap(dto ->
{
// 校验代码需要放在这里
if (StringUtils.isBlank(dto.getName()))
{
throw new BusinessException("用户名不能为空");
}
return ok().contentType(APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
.body(Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(jpaEntityService.addUser(dto))), User.class);
});
}
/**
* 根据id删除用户
*
* @param request
* @return
*/
public Mono<ServerResponse> deleteUserById(ServerRequest request)
{
String id = request.pathVariable("id");
// 校验代码需要放在这里
if (StringUtils.isBlank(id))
{
throw new BusinessException("id不能为空");
}
User dto = new User();
dto.setUserId(Long.parseLong(id));
return ok().contentType(APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
.body(Mono.create(cityMonoSink -> cityMonoSink.success(jpaEntityService.delUser(dto))), User.class);
}
}
3、service
package com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.service.impl;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.common.util.BeanUtil;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dao.impl.JpaUserRepositoryImpl;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dto.User;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.entity.UserEntity;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;
@Slf4j
@Service
@Transactional
public class JpaEntityServiceImpl
{
@Resource
private JpaUserRepositoryImpl userRepository;
@Transactional
//增加用户
public User addUser(User dto)
{
User userEntity = new UserEntity();
userEntity.setUserId(dto.getUserId());
userEntity.setName(dto.getName());
userRepository.insert(userEntity);
BeanUtil.copyProperties(userEntity,dto);
return dto;
}
@Transactional
//删除用户
public User delUser(User dto)
{
userRepository.delete(dto.getUserId());
return dto;
}
//查询全部用户
public List<User> selectAllUser()
{
log.info("方法 selectAllUser 被调用了");
return userRepository.selectAll();
}
//查询一个用户
public User selectOne(final Long userId)
{
log.info("方法 selectOne 被调用了");
return userRepository.selectOne(userId);
}
}
4、DAO
package com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dao.impl;
import com.crazymaker.springcloud.reactive.user.info.dto.User;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.PersistenceContext;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import javax.transaction.Transactional;
import java.util.List;
@Repository
@Transactional
public class JpaUserRepositoryImpl
{
@PersistenceContext
private EntityManager entityManager;
public Long insert(final User user)
{
entityManager.persist(user);
return user.getUserId();
}
public void delete(final Long userId)
{
Query query = entityManager.createQuery("DELETE FROM UserEntity o WHERE o.userId = ?1");
query.setParameter(1, userId);
query.executeUpdate();
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public List<User> selectAll()
{
return (List<User>) entityManager.createQuery("SELECT o FROM UserEntity o").getResultList();
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public User selectOne(final Long userId)
{
Query query = entityManager.createQuery("SELECT o FROM UserEntity o WHERE o.userId = ?1");
query.setParameter(1, userId);
return (User) query.getSingleResult();
}
}
5、启动类
@Slf4j
@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//可以使用以下两种创建SpringApplication的方式
SpringApplication application = new SpringApplication(DemoApplication.class);
application.run(args);
//这种方式,使用SpringApplicationBuilder来创建SpringApplication,builder提供了链式调用API,更加方便,可读性更强
//new SpringApplicationBuilder().web(WebApplicationType.REACTIVE).sources(DemoApplication.class).run(args);
}
}
6、启动项目
容器已经从默认的 Tomcat 缓存了 webflux 默认的 Netty
2022-04-21 15:15:55.791 INFO 38672 --- [ main] o.s.b.web.embedded.netty.NettyWebServer : Netty started on port 8080
2022-04-21 15:15:55.798 INFO 38672 --- [ main] .m.w.MingYueSpringbootWebfluxApplication : Started MingYueSpringbootWebfluxApplication in 2.47 seconds (JVM running for 3.95)
7、访问测试
webFlux中dispatchservlet会失效,所以context-path也会无法使用,访问的路径变成了:http://ip:port/getUser,如何让context-path生效,继续使用http://ip:port/contoxt-path/getUser进行访问,有两个解决方法有
方法1:
spring.webflux.base-path=/pageHelper2
方法2:
server.servlet.context-path=/pageHelper
@Autowired
private ServerProperties serverProperties;
@Bean
public WebFilter contextPathWebFilter() {
String contextPath = serverProperties.getServlet().getContextPath();
return (exchange, chain) -> {
ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();
if (request.getURI().getPath().startsWith(contextPath)) {
return chain.filter(
exchange.mutate()
.request(request.mutate().contextPath(contextPath).build())
.build());
}
return chain.filter(exchange);
};
}
依据上述方式进行配置之后,就可以使用以下地址访问http://localhost:8082/pageHelper/getUser
特别注意:
A. Spring WebFlux并不能使接口的响应时间缩短,它仅是能够提升吞吐量和伸缩性;
B. Spring WebFlux内部使用的是响应式编程,以Reactor库为基础,基于异步和事件驱动,特别适合应用在IO密集型的服务中,如网关;
C. Spring WebFlux并不是Spring MVC的替代方案;
D. Spring WebFlux默认情况下使用Netty作为服务器,不支持MySQL;
E. Spring WebFlux的前端控制器是DispatcherHandler,而Spring MVC是DispatcherServlet;
F. Spring WebFlux支持两种编程风格,一种是Spring MVC的注解形式,另一种就是Java 8 Lambda函数式编程。
G. Reactor类型
A. Mono:返回0或者1个元素,即单个对象;
B. Flux:返回N个元素,即List列表对象。
H. 使用方式和一般的MVC程序没有什么区别,除了一点,方法需要是suspend方法或返回Mono/Flux
@RestController
class ResourceController(
private val resourceService: ResourceService
) {
@PostMapping("resources/:push")
suspend fun push(
@RequestBody pushRequest: PushRequest
): PushResponse {
val result = resourceService.validateAndSave(pushRequest.resources)
return PushResponse(result.map { it.data as Map<String, Any> })
}
}
I. Webflux中没有拦截器这个概念,要做类似的工作需要在过滤器中完成,项目中我们用到Token验证,使用方法是注册过滤器
@Component
class AuthFilter(applicationContext: ApplicationContext) : AbstractAuthFilter(applicationContext) {
@Value("\${authentication.token.name}")
lateinit var tokenName: String
// 注意这里使用了协程的grpc stub
@GrpcClient("user-service")
lateinit var userStub: UsersServiceGrpcKt.UsersServiceCoroutineStub
override fun filter(exchange: ServerWebExchange, chain: WebFilterChain): Mono<Void> = mono {
val request = exchange.request
if (request.needAuth()) {
val token = request.headers[tokenName]?.first()
val result = userStub.verify(Token.newBuilder().setToken(token).build())
... ...
}
// chain.filter返回的是Mono,需要调用await方法转换为协程
chain.filter(exchange).awaitSingleOrNull()
}
}
J. 全局异常处理
Webflux中可以使用@ControllerAdvice注册全局异常处理器,但它仅Controller中抛出的异常生效,无法顾及到过滤器。对异常,推荐的方式是注册WebExceptionHandler
@Component
@Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)
class ExceptionHandler : ErrorWebExceptionHandler {
private val objectMapper = ObjectMapper()
// 对协程的支持
override fun handle(exchange: ServerWebExchange, ex: Throwable): Mono<Void> {
val errResponse = objectMapper.writeValueAsBytes("error message")
response.headers.contentType = MediaType.APPLICATION_PROBLEM_JSON
response.statusCode = code.httpStatus
return response.writeWith(Mono.just(response.bufferFactory().wrap(errResponse)))
}
}
K. 同步DAO的调用
JDBC是同步的,基于它的MyBatis也是同步的,为了不阻塞DIspatcher-Worker线程,需要将其手动调度到其他线程池。当然如下步骤也可以使用AOP实现,这样就不用为每个方法手动调mono方法
// 注入Scheduler
@Autowired
private lateinit var scheduler: Scheduler
// 讲同步代码注册到该scheduler
protected fun <T> mono(block: () -> T): Mono<T> {
return Mono.defer { Mono.just(block()) }.subscribeOn(scheduler)
}
// 调用方式
fun save(modifications: List<Resource>): Mono<List<Resource>> = mono {
modifications.mapNotNull {
resourceMapper.save(it)
}
}
L. Swagger
Knife4j的增强功能无法在Webflux下使用,且当controller为suspend方法时无法正常读取到返回值,需要打如下补丁。
/**
* 修复controller方法为suspend方法时,springfox无法获取返回值类型的情况
* 因为suspend方法转换为字节码后返回值为null
* #issue: https://github.com/springfox/springfox/issues/3241
*/
@Component
@Primary
class CustomRequestHandler(
private val resolver: TypeResolver
) : HandlerMethodResolver(resolver) {
override fun methodReturnType(handlerMethod: HandlerMethod): ResolvedType {
val func = handlerMethod.beanType.kotlin.declaredFunctions.first { it.javaMethod == handlerMethod.method }
if (func.returnType == Unit::class.starProjectedType) resolver.resolve(Void.TYPE)
return resolver.resolve(func.returnType.javaType)
}
}
M. WebApplicationType类型介绍
public enum WebApplicationType {
/**
* 不启动内嵌的WebServer,不是运行web application
*/
NONE,
/**
* 启动内嵌的基于servlet的web server
*/
SERVLET,
/**
* 启动内嵌的reactive web server,这个application是一个reactive web application
*/
REACTIVE;
private static final String[] SERVLET_INDICATOR_CLASSES = { "javax.servlet.Servlet",
"org.springframework.web.context.ConfigurableWebApplicationContext" };
private static final String WEBMVC_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet";
private static final String WEBFLUX_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.reactive.DispatcherHandler";
private static final String JERSEY_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer";
private static final String SERVLET_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext";
private static final String REACTIVE_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS = "org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.context.ReactiveWebApplicationContext";
static WebApplicationType deduceFromClasspath() {
// 尝试加载org.springframework.web.reactive.DispatcherHandler,如果成功并且加载org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet和org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer失败,则这个application是WebApplicationType.REACTIVE类型。
if (ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBFLUX_INDICATOR_CLASS, null) && !ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBMVC_INDICATOR_CLASS, null)
&& !ClassUtils.isPresent(JERSEY_INDICATOR_CLASS, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.REACTIVE;
}
for (String className : SERVLET_INDICATOR_CLASSES) {
// 如果ClassLoader里面同时加载这两个 javax.servlet.Servlet和 org.springframework.web.context.ConfigurableWebApplicationContext成功。则application是WebApplicationType.NONE 类型。
if (!ClassUtils.isPresent(className, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.NONE;
}
}
// application是 WebApplicationType.SERVLET 类型。
return WebApplicationType.SERVLET;
}
static WebApplicationType deduceFromApplicationContext(Class<?> applicationContextClass) {
if (isAssignable(SERVLET_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS, applicationContextClass)) {
return WebApplicationType.SERVLET;
}
if (isAssignable(REACTIVE_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS, applicationContextClass)) {
return WebApplicationType.REACTIVE;
}
return WebApplicationType.NONE;
}
//省略其他代码