一级缓存 存放成品bean
private final Map<String, Object> singletonObjects = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Object>(256);
二级缓存 存放半成品bean
private final Map<String, Object> earlySingletonObjects = new HashMap<String, Object>(16);
三级缓存 存放ObjectFactory
private final Map<String, ObjectFactory<?>> singletonFactories = new HashMap

bean的创建流程
getBean->doGetBean-> createBean->doCreateBean->createBeanInstance->populateBean

场景:
有2个类,A类和B类
A类引用了B类
B类引用了A类,在spring创建两个类是如何解决循环依赖呢

循环创建A和B
  1. 循环到A
A类实例化doGetBean中getSingleton(beanName)获取不到A的bean继续往下执行
->A类实例化createBean
->A类实例化doCreateBean
->A类实例化createBeanInstance实例化,此时A的属性未被赋值,还未populateBean,属于半成品
->A类实例化doCreateBean中通过addSingletonFactory(beanName, () -> getEarlyBeanReference(beanName, mbd, bean))放到三级缓存中,此时三级缓存中放的是lambda表达式 
->A类实例属性赋值populateBean
->A类applyPropertyValues
->A类获取属性名称属性值,解析处理属性值(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary方法),对对象属性进行赋值
->A类解析处理属性值b时,去调getBean方法创建B的bean

->B类实例化doGetBean中getSingleton(beanName)获取不到B的bean继续往下执行
->B类实例化createBean->B类实例化doCreateBean
->B类实例化createBeanInstance实例化,此时B的属性未被赋值,属于半成品
->B类实例化doCreateBean中通过addSingletonFactory(beanName, () -> getEarlyBeanReference(beanName, mbd, bean))放到三级缓存中,此时三级缓存中放的是lambda表达式  
->B类进行实例属性赋值populateBean
->B类applyPropertyValues
->B类获取属性名称属性值,解析处理属性值(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary方法),对对象属性进行赋值
->B类解析处理属性值a时,去调getBean方法创建A的bean
->A类实例化doGetBean中getSingleton(beanName)方法中从三级缓存中拿到lambda表达式,执行函数式接口ObjectFactory的getObject方法的方法体(getEarlyBeanReference 方法),得到半成品的A,将A放到了二级缓存中(详见@1)
->B类获取到属性a的值后完成属性赋值
->B类doCreateBean方法中initializeBean方法进行bean的init操作(包括bean的afterProperties方法和initMethod等操作)
->B类doGetBean方法调用 getSingleton(beanName, new ObjectFactory<Object>()方法,将B的bean从三级缓存中移除放到了一级缓存中(详见@3)
->此时将B的值赋值给A类的属性b
->A类doGetBean方法调用 getSingleton(beanName, new ObjectFactory<Object>()方法,将A从二级缓存移除放到一级缓存中(详见@3),此时A为成品

2.循环到B

B类实例化doGetBean中getSingleton(beanName)获取到了B直接返回

@1:doGetBean中getSingleton方法 先从一级缓存拿beanObject,再从二级缓存拿,再从三级缓存拿,拿到为止(如果从三级缓存拿到了,会从三级缓存删除,并且添加到二级缓存中);

protected Object getSingleton(String beanName, boolean allowEarlyReference) {
		Object singletonObject = this.singletonObjects.get(beanName);
		if (singletonObject == null && isSingletonCurrentlyInCreation(beanName)) {
			synchronized (this.singletonObjects) {
				singletonObject = this.earlySingletonObjects.get(beanName);
				if (singletonObject == null && allowEarlyReference) {
					ObjectFactory<?> singletonFactory = this.singletonFactories.get(beanName);
					if (singletonFactory != null) {
						singletonObject = singletonFactory.getObject();
						this.earlySingletonObjects.put(beanName, singletonObject);
						this.singletonFactories.remove(beanName);
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return (singletonObject != NULL_OBJECT ? singletonObject : null);
	}
protected Object getEarlyBeanReference(String beanName, RootBeanDefinition mbd, Object bean) {
       //提前暴露对象
		Object exposedObject = bean;
		//如果bean需要被代理,在这里提前获取到代理类
		if (!mbd.isSynthetic() && hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors()) {
			for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
				if (bp instanceof SmartInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
					SmartInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (SmartInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
					exposedObject = ibp.getEarlyBeanReference(exposedObject, beanName);
				}
			}
		}
		return exposedObject;
	}

@3 在这里(beanName, new ObjectFactory()方法中的addSingleton方法中将beanObject对象从二级或者三级缓存中取出放到一级缓存中

if (mbd.isSingleton()) {
					sharedInstance = getSingleton(beanName, new ObjectFactory<Object>() {
						@Override
						public Object getObject() throws BeansException {
							try {
								return createBean(beanName, mbd, args);
							}
							catch (BeansException ex) {
								// Explicitly remove instance from singleton cache: It might have been put there
								// eagerly by the creation process, to allow for circular reference resolution.
								// Also remove any beans that received a temporary reference to the bean.
								destroySingleton(beanName);
								throw ex;
							}
						}
					});
					bean = getObjectForBeanInstance(sharedInstance, name, beanName, mbd);
				}

循环依赖可以被解决的原因:
1.populateBean之前的步骤可称之为实例化bean,populateBean之后的步骤称之为初始化bean,正是因为初始化和实例化是分开的,才可以解决循环依赖的问题。
2.提前暴露对象,将初始化完成的半成品bean放到三级缓存中,需要的时候执行三级缓存中的lambda表达式,将bean提前暴露出来

为什么需要三级缓存呢?
一级缓存: singletonObjects:用于存放完全初始化好的 bean,从该缓存中取出的 bean 可以直接使用
二级缓存: earlySingletonObjects:是为了处理循环依赖的对象创建问题,里面存的是半成品对象或半成品对象的代理对象
三级缓存: singletonFactories:单例对象工厂的cache,存放 bean 工厂对象,用于解决循环依赖

三级缓存,用二级缓存能不能解决循环依赖?
通过ObjectFactory获取的Bean可能是两种类型,第一种就是实例化阶段创建出来的对象,还是一种就是实例化阶段创建出来的对象的代理对象。至于是不是代理对象,取决于你的配置,如果添加了事务注解又或是自定义aop切面,那就需要代理。这里你不用担心,如果这里获取的是代理对象,那么最后完全创建好的对象也是代理对象,ObjectFactory获取的对象和最终完全创建好的还是同一个,不是同一个肯定会报错,所以上面的理论依然符合,这里只是更加的细节化。

有了这个知识点之后,我们就来谈一下为什么要三级缓存。

第一级缓存,也就是缓存完全创建好的Bean的缓存,这个缓存肯定是需要的,因为单例的Bean只能创建一次,那么肯定需要第一级缓存存储这些对象,如果有需要,直接从第一级缓存返回。那么如果只能有二级缓存的话,就只能舍弃第二级或者第三级缓存。
假设除了二级缓存,没有三级缓存
二级缓存直接存储代理对象,而不是ObjectFactory
并不是说二级缓存如果存在aop的话就无法将代理对象注入的问题,本质应该说是初始spring是没有解决循环引用问题的,设计原则是: bean 实例化(通过反射实例化之后放到末级缓存中)、属性设置、初始化之后 再 生成aop对象(pring结合AOP跟Bean的生命周期本身就是通过AnnotationAwareAspectJAutoProxyCreator这个后置处理器来完成的,在这个后置处理的postProcessAfterInitialization方法中对初始化后的Bean完成AOP代理)
,如果二级缓存中直接存储代理对象,也就是说在 bean的实例的时候就要生成代理对象,然后再进行属性设置以及初始化和其他工作; 但是这样的话,就和spring的aop的设计原则相驳

二级缓存存储ObjectFactory
如果去掉了二级缓存,则需要直接在 singletonFactory.getObject() 阶段初始化完毕,并放到一级缓存中。
那有这么一种场景,B 和 C 都依赖了 A。A也依赖的B和C

->先创建A,实例化后存储到二级缓存,存储的是ObjectFactory的lambda表达式,
->给属性b赋值时去创建B,B又依赖了A,去二级缓存拿到ObjectFactory执行singletonFactory.getObject() 获取到A的代理对象。此时因为A不是成品,也不能将其代理对象放到一级缓存中,还得继续在二级缓存
->给属性c赋值时去创建C,C又依赖了A,去二级缓存拿到ObjectFactory执行singletonFactory.getObject() 获取到A的代理对象,此时会发现问题B和C获取到的A的代理对象不一样,因为singletonFactory.getObject()方法每次都返回一个新的代理对象

populateBean(beanName, mbd, instanceWrapper);//填充属性,会发生循环依赖 @1
exposedObject = initializeBean(beanName, exposedObject, mbd);//这里有后置处理器beanPostProcessor,可能会进行aop @2

当在实例化BeanA之后,会接着执行populateBean会填充beanB。结果beanB发现自己也需要依赖beanA,此时就会触发三级缓存中的ObjectFactory方法。如果beanA刚好要进行aop,那么在beanB的实例化过程中,由于beanB依赖了beanA,beanA就会提前进行aop。在@2处,进行aop之前会判断该beanName是否已经进行过aop,所以这个beanA不会再次被增强。

populateBean方法对Bean属性的依赖注入,BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary方法解析属性值

//解析属性值,对注入类型进行转换
@Nullable
public Object resolveValueIfNecessary(Object argName, @Nullable Object value) {
    //对引用类型的属性进行解析
    if (value instanceof RuntimeBeanReference) {
        RuntimeBeanReference ref = (RuntimeBeanReference) value;
        //调用引用类型属性的解析方法
        return resolveReference(argName, ref);
    }
    //对属性值是引用容器中另一个Bean名称的解析
    else if (value instanceof RuntimeBeanNameReference) {
        String refName = ((RuntimeBeanNameReference) value).getBeanName();
        refName = String.valueOf(doEvaluate(refName));
        //从容器中获取指定名称的Bean
        if (!this.beanFactory.containsBean(refName)) {
            throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(
                    "Invalid bean name '" + refName + "' in bean reference for " + argName);
        }
        return refName;
    }
    //对Bean类型属性的解析,主要是Bean中的内部类
    else if (value instanceof BeanDefinitionHolder) {
        // Resolve BeanDefinitionHolder: contains BeanDefinition with name and aliases.
        BeanDefinitionHolder bdHolder = (BeanDefinitionHolder) value;
        return resolveInnerBean(argName, bdHolder.getBeanName(), bdHolder.getBeanDefinition());
    }
    else if (value instanceof BeanDefinition) {
        BeanDefinition bd = (BeanDefinition) value;
        String innerBeanName = "(inner bean)" + BeanFactoryUtils.GENERATED_BEAN_NAME_SEPARATOR +
                ObjectUtils.getIdentityHexString(bd);
        return resolveInnerBean(argName, innerBeanName, bd);
    }
    //对集合数组类型的属性解析
    else if (value instanceof ManagedArray) {
        ManagedArray array = (ManagedArray) value;
        Class<?> elementType = array.resolvedElementType;
        if (elementType == null) {
            //获取数组元素的类型
            String elementTypeName = array.getElementTypeName();
            if (StringUtils.hasText(elementTypeName)) {
                try {
                    //使用反射机制创建指定类型的对象
                    elementType = ClassUtils.forName(elementTypeName, this.beanFactory.getBeanClassLoader());
                    array.resolvedElementType = elementType;
                }
                catch (Throwable ex) {
                    throw new BeanCreationException(
                            this.beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), this.beanName,
                            "Error resolving array type for " + argName, ex);
                }
            }
            //没有获取到数组的类型,也没有获取到数组元素的类型
            //则直接设置数组的类型为Object
            else {
                elementType = Object.class;
            }
        }
        //创建指定类型的数组
        return resolveManagedArray(argName, (List<?>) value, elementType);
    }
    //解析list类型的属性值
    else if (value instanceof ManagedList) {
        return resolveManagedList(argName, (List<?>) value);
    }
    //解析set类型的属性值
    else if (value instanceof ManagedSet) {
        return resolveManagedSet(argName, (Set<?>) value);
    }
    //解析map类型的属性值
    else if (value instanceof ManagedMap) {
        return resolveManagedMap(argName, (Map<?, ?>) value);
    }
    //解析props类型的属性值,props其实就是key和value均为字符串的map
    else if (value instanceof ManagedProperties) {
        Properties original = (Properties) value;
        //创建一个拷贝,用于作为解析后的返回值
        Properties copy = new Properties();
        original.forEach((propKey, propValue) -> {
            if (propKey instanceof TypedStringValue) {
                propKey = evaluate((TypedStringValue) propKey);
            }
            if (propValue instanceof TypedStringValue) {
                propValue = evaluate((TypedStringValue) propValue);
            }
            if (propKey == null || propValue == null) {
                throw new BeanCreationException(
                        this.beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), this.beanName,
                        "Error converting Properties key/value pair for " + argName + ": resolved to null");
            }
            copy.put(propKey, propValue);
        });
        return copy;
    }
    //解析字符串类型的属性值
    else if (value instanceof TypedStringValue) {
        TypedStringValue typedStringValue = (TypedStringValue) value;
        Object valueObject = evaluate(typedStringValue);
        try {
            //获取属性的目标类型
            Class<?> resolvedTargetType = resolveTargetType(typedStringValue);
            if (resolvedTargetType != null) {
                //对目标类型的属性进行解析,递归调用
                return this.typeConverter.convertIfNecessary(valueObject, resolvedTargetType);
            }
            //没有获取到属性的目标对象,则按Object类型返回
            else {
                return valueObject;
            }
        }
        catch (Throwable ex) {
            throw new BeanCreationException(
                    this.beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), this.beanName,
                    "Error converting typed String value for " + argName, ex);
        }
    }
    else if (value instanceof NullBean) {
        return null;
    }
    else {
        return evaluate(value);
    }
}

//解析引用类型的属性值
@Nullable
private Object resolveReference(Object argName, RuntimeBeanReference ref) {
    try {
        Object bean;
        //获取引用的Bean名称
        String refName = ref.getBeanName();
        refName = String.valueOf(doEvaluate(refName));
        //如果引用的对象在父类容器中,则从父类容器中获取指定的引用对象
        if (ref.isToParent()) {
            if (this.beanFactory.getParentBeanFactory() == null) {
                throw new BeanCreationException(
                        this.beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), this.beanName,
                        "Can't resolve reference to bean '" + refName +
                        "' in parent factory: no parent factory available");
            }
            bean = this.beanFactory.getParentBeanFactory().getBean(refName);
        }
        //从当前的容器中获取指定的引用Bean对象,如果指定的Bean没有被实例化,则会递归触发引用Bean的初始化和依赖注入
        else {
            bean = this.beanFactory.getBean(refName);
            //将当前实例化对象的依赖引用对象
            this.beanFactory.registerDependentBean(refName, this.beanName);
        }
        if (bean instanceof NullBean) {
            bean = null;
        }
        return bean;
    }
    catch (BeansException ex) {
        throw new BeanCreationException(
                this.beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), this.beanName,
                "Cannot resolve reference to bean '" + ref.getBeanName() + "' while setting " + argName, ex);
    }
}

BeanWrapperImpl对Bean属性的依赖注入

//实现属性依赖注入功能
protected void setPropertyValue(PropertyTokenHolder tokens, PropertyValue pv) throws BeansException {
    if (tokens.keys != null) {
        processKeyedProperty(tokens, pv);
    }
    else {
        processLocalProperty(tokens, pv);
    }
}

//实现属性依赖注入功能
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void processKeyedProperty(PropertyTokenHolder tokens, PropertyValue pv) {
    //调用属性的getter(readerMethod)方法,获取属性的值
    Object propValue = getPropertyHoldingValue(tokens);
    PropertyHandler ph = getLocalPropertyHandler(tokens.actualName);
    if (ph == null) {
        throw new InvalidPropertyException(
                getRootClass(), this.nestedPath + tokens.actualName, "No property handler found");
    }
    Assert.state(tokens.keys != null, "No token keys");
    String lastKey = tokens.keys[tokens.keys.length - 1];

    //注入array类型的属性值
    if (propValue.getClass().isArray()) {
        Class<?> requiredType = propValue.getClass().getComponentType();
        int arrayIndex = Integer.parseInt(lastKey);
        Object oldValue = null;
        try {
            if (isExtractOldValueForEditor() && arrayIndex < Array.getLength(propValue)) {
                oldValue = Array.get(propValue, arrayIndex);
            }
            Object convertedValue = convertIfNecessary(tokens.canonicalName, oldValue, pv.getValue(),
                    requiredType, ph.nested(tokens.keys.length));
            //获取集合类型属性的长度
            int length = Array.getLength(propValue);
            if (arrayIndex >= length && arrayIndex < this.autoGrowCollectionLimit) {
                Class<?> componentType = propValue.getClass().getComponentType();
                Object newArray = Array.newInstance(componentType, arrayIndex + 1);
                System.arraycopy(propValue, 0, newArray, 0, length);
                setPropertyValue(tokens.actualName, newArray);
                //调用属性的getter(readerMethod)方法,获取属性的值
                propValue = getPropertyValue(tokens.actualName);
            }
            //将属性的值赋值给数组中的元素
            Array.set(propValue, arrayIndex, convertedValue);
        }
        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
            throw new InvalidPropertyException(getRootClass(), this.nestedPath + tokens.canonicalName,
                    "Invalid array index in property path '" + tokens.canonicalName + "'", ex);
        }
    }

    //注入list类型的属性值
    else if (propValue instanceof List) {
        //获取list集合的类型
        Class<?> requiredType = ph.getCollectionType(tokens.keys.length);
        List<Object> list = (List<Object>) propValue;
        //获取list集合的size
        int index = Integer.parseInt(lastKey);
        Object oldValue = null;
        if (isExtractOldValueForEditor() && index < list.size()) {
            oldValue = list.get(index);
        }
        //获取list解析后的属性值
        Object convertedValue = convertIfNecessary(tokens.canonicalName, oldValue, pv.getValue(),
                requiredType, ph.nested(tokens.keys.length));
        int size = list.size();
        //如果list的长度大于属性值的长度,则多余的元素赋值为null
        if (index >= size && index < this.autoGrowCollectionLimit) {
            for (int i = size; i < index; i++) {
                try {
                    list.add(null);
                }
                catch (NullPointerException ex) {
                    throw new InvalidPropertyException(getRootClass(), this.nestedPath + tokens.canonicalName,
                            "Cannot set element with index " + index + " in List of size " +
                            size + ", accessed using property path '" + tokens.canonicalName +
                            "': List does not support filling up gaps with null elements");
                }
            }
            list.add(convertedValue);
        }
        else {
            try {
                //将值添加到list中
                list.set(index, convertedValue);
            }
            catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new InvalidPropertyException(getRootClass(), this.nestedPath + tokens.canonicalName,
                        "Invalid list index in property path '" + tokens.canonicalName + "'", ex);
            }
        }
    }

    //注入map类型的属性值
    else if (propValue instanceof Map) {
        //获取map集合key的类型
        Class<?> mapKeyType = ph.getMapKeyType(tokens.keys.length);
        //获取map集合value的类型
        Class<?> mapValueType = ph.getMapValueType(tokens.keys.length);
        Map<Object, Object> map = (Map<Object, Object>) propValue;
        TypeDescriptor typeDescriptor = TypeDescriptor.valueOf(mapKeyType);
        //解析map类型属性key值
        Object convertedMapKey = convertIfNecessary(null, null, lastKey, mapKeyType, typeDescriptor);
        Object oldValue = null;
        if (isExtractOldValueForEditor()) {
            oldValue = map.get(convertedMapKey);
        }
        //解析map类型属性value值
        Object convertedMapValue = convertIfNecessary(tokens.canonicalName, oldValue, pv.getValue(),
                mapValueType, ph.nested(tokens.keys.length));
        //将解析后的key和value值赋值给map集合属性
        map.put(convertedMapKey, convertedMapValue);
    }

    else {
        throw new InvalidPropertyException(getRootClass(), this.nestedPath + tokens.canonicalName,
                "Property referenced in indexed property path '" + tokens.canonicalName +
                "' is neither an array nor a List nor a Map; returned value was [" + propValue + "]");
    }
}```