一、枚举的用法

1）常量使用

public enum EnumTest {
	ONE,TWO
}

2）自定义函数使用

public enum EnumTest {
	ONE("ONE","1"),TWO("TWO","2");
	private String key;
	private String value;
	private EnumTest(String key, String value) {
		this.key = key;
		this.value = value;
	}
	public String getKey() {
		return key;
	}
	public void setKey(String key) {
		this.key = key;
	}
	public String getValue() {
		return value;
	}
	public void setValue(String value) {
		this.value = value;
	}
	
}

枚举类，会在编译时自动继承java.lang.Enum类；

Enum是所有 Java 语言枚举类型的公共基本类（注意Enum是抽象类），以下是它的常见方法：

返回类型

方法名称

方法说明

int

compareTo(E o)

比较此枚举与指定对象的顺序

boolean

equals(Object other)

当指定对象等于此枚举常量时，返回 true。

Class<?>

getDeclaringClass()

返回与此枚举常量的枚举类型相对应的 Class 对象

String

name()

返回此枚举常量的名称，在其枚举声明中对其进行声明

int

ordinal()

返回枚举常量的序数（它在枚举声明中的位置，其中初始常量序数为零）

String

toString()

返回枚举常量的名称，它包含在声明中

static<T extends Enum<T>> T

static valueOf(Class<T> enumType, String name)

返回带指定名称的指定枚举类型的枚举常量。

二、枚举的实现

1）枚举类编译后会生成一个抽象类，继承java.long.Enum

2) 而枚举中定义的枚举常量，变成了相应的 public static final 属性,而且其类型就抽象类的类型，名字就是枚举常量的名字

3) 使用静态代码块做了如下操作

             创建对象: 枚举类 变量 = new 枚举类（）；

             创建枚举值存储数组:  枚举类[] $VALUES = new 枚举类[];

             存储变量:$VALUES[0] = 变量;

4) 编译器自动添加的values方法，实质是将枚举类的$VALUES强转成数组返回；

5） 编译器自动添加的valueOF方法：这个方法是一个公共的静态方法，所以我们可以直接调用该方法（Operator.valueOf()）,返回参数字符串表示的枚举常量，另外，这个方法的实现是，调用父类 Enum 的 valueOf 方法，并把类型强转成 Operator

三、枚举与单例

常规单例实现方式有：懒汉式、双重验证、内部类

可以用枚举类型实现单例，简洁方便

public enum Singleton {  
    INSTANCE;  
    public void whateverMethod() {  
    }  
}

优点：1.枚举类在被虚拟机加载的时候会保证线程安全的被初始化。

           2.Java中有明确规定，枚举的序列化和反序列化是有特殊定制的。

四、Enum类

贴源码

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */

package java.lang;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectStreamException;

/**
 * This is the common base class of all Java language enumeration types.
 *
 * More information about enums, including descriptions of the
 * implicitly declared methods synthesized by the compiler, can be
 * found in section 8.9 of
 * <cite>The Java™ Language Specification</cite>.
 *
 * <p> Note that when using an enumeration type as the type of a set
 * or as the type of the keys in a map, specialized and efficient
 * {@linkplain java.util.EnumSet set} and {@linkplain
 * java.util.EnumMap map} implementations are available.
 *
 * @param <E> The enum type subclass
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @see     Class#getEnumConstants()
 * @see     java.util.EnumSet
 * @see     java.util.EnumMap
 * @since   1.5
 */
public abstract class Enum<E extends Enum<E>>
        implements Comparable<E>, Serializable {
    /**
     * The name of this enum constant, as declared in the enum declaration.
     * Most programmers should use the {@link #toString} method rather than
     * accessing this field.
     */
    private final String name;

    /**
     * Returns the name of this enum constant, exactly as declared in its
     * enum declaration.
     *
     * <b>Most programmers should use the {@link #toString} method in
     * preference to this one, as the toString method may return
     * a more user-friendly name.</b>  This method is designed primarily for
     * use in specialized situations where correctness depends on getting the
     * exact name, which will not vary from release to release.
     *
     * @return the name of this enum constant
     */
    public final String name() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * The ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     * in the enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     * an ordinal of zero).
     *
     * Most programmers will have no use for this field.  It is designed
     * for use by sophisticated enum-based data structures, such as
     * {@link java.util.EnumSet} and {@link java.util.EnumMap}.
     */
    private final int ordinal;

    /**
     * Returns the ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     * in its enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     * an ordinal of zero).
     *
     * Most programmers will have no use for this method.  It is
     * designed for use by sophisticated enum-based data structures, such
     * as {@link java.util.EnumSet} and {@link java.util.EnumMap}.
     *
     * @return the ordinal of this enumeration constant
     */
    public final int ordinal() {
        return ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Sole constructor.  Programmers cannot invoke this constructor.
     * It is for use by code emitted by the compiler in response to
     * enum type declarations.
     *
     * @param name - The name of this enum constant, which is the identifier
     *               used to declare it.
     * @param ordinal - The ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     *         in the enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     *         an ordinal of zero).
     */
    protected Enum(String name, int ordinal) {
        this.name = name;
        this.ordinal = ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of this enum constant, as contained in the
     * declaration.  This method may be overridden, though it typically
     * isn't necessary or desirable.  An enum type should override this
     * method when a more "programmer-friendly" string form exists.
     *
     * @return the name of this enum constant
     */
    public String toString() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the specified object is equal to this
     * enum constant.
     *
     * @param other the object to be compared for equality with this object.
     * @return  true if the specified object is equal to this
     *          enum constant.
     */
    public final boolean equals(Object other) {
        return this==other;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash code for this enum constant.
     *
     * @return a hash code for this enum constant.
     */
    public final int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Throws CloneNotSupportedException.  This guarantees that enums
     * are never cloned, which is necessary to preserve their "singleton"
     * status.
     *
     * @return (never returns)
     */
    protected final Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
    }

    /**
     * Compares this enum with the specified object for order.  Returns a
     * negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this object is less
     * than, equal to, or greater than the specified object.
     *
     * Enum constants are only comparable to other enum constants of the
     * same enum type.  The natural order implemented by this
     * method is the order in which the constants are declared.
     */
    public final int compareTo(E o) {
        Enum<?> other = (Enum<?>)o;
        Enum<E> self = this;
        if (self.getClass() != other.getClass() && // optimization
            self.getDeclaringClass() != other.getDeclaringClass())
            throw new ClassCastException();
        return self.ordinal - other.ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Class object corresponding to this enum constant's
     * enum type.  Two enum constants e1 and  e2 are of the
     * same enum type if and only if
     *   e1.getDeclaringClass() == e2.getDeclaringClass().
     * (The value returned by this method may differ from the one returned
     * by the {@link Object#getClass} method for enum constants with
     * constant-specific class bodies.)
     *
     * @return the Class object corresponding to this enum constant's
     *     enum type
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public final Class<E> getDeclaringClass() {
        Class<?> clazz = getClass();
        Class<?> zuper = clazz.getSuperclass();
        return (zuper == Enum.class) ? (Class<E>)clazz : (Class<E>)zuper;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the enum constant of the specified enum type with the
     * specified name.  The name must match exactly an identifier used
     * to declare an enum constant in this type.  (Extraneous whitespace
     * characters are not permitted.)
     *
     * <p>Note that for a particular enum type {@code T}, the
     * implicitly declared {@code public static T valueOf(String)}
     * method on that enum may be used instead of this method to map
     * from a name to the corresponding enum constant.  All the
     * constants of an enum type can be obtained by calling the
     * implicit {@code public static T[] values()} method of that
     * type.
     *
     * @param <T> The enum type whose constant is to be returned
     * @param enumType the {@code Class} object of the enum type from which
     *      to return a constant
     * @param name the name of the constant to return
     * @return the enum constant of the specified enum type with the
     *      specified name
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified enum type has
     *         no constant with the specified name, or the specified
     *         class object does not represent an enum type
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code enumType} or {@code name}
     *         is null
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T> enumType,
                                                String name) {
        T result = enumType.enumConstantDirectory().get(name);
        if (result != null)
            return result;
        if (name == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("Name is null");
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "No enum constant " + enumType.getCanonicalName() + "." + name);
    }

    /**
     * enum classes cannot have finalize methods.
     */
    protected final void finalize() { }

    /**
     * prevent default deserialization
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException,
        ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new InvalidObjectException("can't deserialize enum");
    }

    private void readObjectNoData() throws ObjectStreamException {
        throw new InvalidObjectException("can't deserialize enum");
    }
}

注意：

1）枚举类有属性name和ordinal；

2）values（）和valueOf（）的实现；

五、Java枚举如何比较

1）上面的源码中可以看到  equals 被重写了。

2）枚举类参考常量比较，独一无二的

六、switch对枚举的支持

GRADE grade = GRADE.A;
switch (grade) {
	        case A:
	            System.out.println("Excellent");
	            break;
	        case B:
	            System.out.println("Good");
	            break;
	        case C:
	            System.out.println("Not bad");
	            break;
	        case D:
	            System.out.println("Not good");
	            break;
	        case F:
	            System.out.println("Awful");
	            break;
	        default:
	            System.out.println("unknown");
	    }

七、枚举的序列化如何实现

          在序列化的时候Java仅仅是将枚举对象的name属性输出到结果中，反序列化的时候则是通过java.lang.Enum的valueOf方法来根据名字查找枚举对象。

         编译器是不允许任何对这种序列化机制的定制的，因此禁用了writeObject、readObject、readObjectNoData、writeReplace和readResolve等方法。

public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T> enumType,
                                                String name) {
        T result = enumType.enumConstantDirectory().get(name);
        if (result != null)
            return result;
        if (name == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("Name is null");
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "No enum constant " + enumType.getCanonicalName() + "." + name);
    }

           从代码中可以看到，代码会尝试从调用enumType这个Class对象的enumConstantDirectory()方法返回的map中获取名字为name的枚举对象，如果不存在就会抛出异常。再进一步跟到enumConstantDirectory()方法，就会发现到最后会以反射的方式调用enumType这个类型的values()静态方法，也就是上面我们看到的编译器为我们创建的那个方法，然后用返回结果填充enumType这个Class对象中的enumConstantDirectory属性。

所以，JVM对序列化有保证。

八、枚举的线程安全问题

          以前的所有的单例模式都有一个比较大的问题，就是一旦实现了Serializable接口之后，就不再是单例得了，因为，每次调用 readObject()方法返回的都是一个新创建出来的对象

          但是，为了保证枚举类型像Java规范中所说的那样，每一个枚举类型极其定义的枚举变量在JVM中都是唯一的，在枚举类型的序列化和反序列化上，Java做了特殊的规定。

1）当我们使用enum来定义一个枚举类型的时候，编译器会自动帮我们创建一个final类型的类继承Enum类,所以枚举类型不能被继承

2）所有属性都是static修饰的

3）当一个Java类第一次被真正使用到的时候静态资源被初始化、Java类的加载和初始化过程都是线程安全的。

所以，创建一个enum类型是线程安全的。

 

 

 

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