一、简介
flask的蓝图可以实现url的分发,当有多个app时也可以利用app进行url分发,这里介绍下使用方式和内部原理以及栈的应用。
二、多app使用
使用示例
from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
from flask import Flask
app01 = Flask('app01')
app02 = Flask('app02')
@app01.route('/index')
def index():
return "app01"
@app02.route('/index')
def index2():
return "app02"
app = DispatcherMiddleware(app01, {
'/app01': app01,
'/app02': app02,
})
#默认使用app01的路由,也就是访问 http://127.0.0.1:5000/index 返回app01
#当以app01开头时候使用app01的路由,也就是http://127.0.0.1:5000/app01/index 返回app01
#当以app02开头时候使用app02的路由,也就是http://127.0.0.1:5000/app02/index 返回app02
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_simple('127.0.0.1', 5000, app)
实现原理
多app使用借助于DispatcherMiddleware,让我们看看其源码类的定义:
class DispatcherMiddleware(object):
"""Allows one to mount middlewares or applications in a WSGI application.
This is useful if you want to combine multiple WSGI applications::
app = DispatcherMiddleware(app, {
'/app2': app2,
'/app3': app3
})
"""
def __init__(self, app, mounts=None):
self.app = app
self.mounts = mounts or {}
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
script = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
path_info = ''
while '/' in script:
if script in self.mounts:
app = self.mounts[script]
break
script, last_item = script.rsplit('/', 1)
path_info = '/%s%s' % (last_item, path_info)
else:
app = self.mounts.get(script, self.app)
original_script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = original_script_name + script
environ['PATH_INFO'] = path_info
return app(environ, start_response)
从源码中可以看到,该类实例化接受两个参数,一个是app,第二个是mounts,此时我们运行app的时候使用的是run_simple('127.0.0.1', 5000, app),其中app就是DispatcherMiddleware对象,在flask上下文中有提及到run_simple会执行第三个参数的__call__方法,也就是以上DispatcherMiddleware的__call__方法,以我们的示例为列子,self.app=app01,self.mounts={‘/app01’:app01,’/app02’:app02},script是请求路径例如我们请求 http://127.0.0.1:5000/index,script就是/index,接着看以下代码:
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
script = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
path_info = ''
while '/' in script:
if script in self.mounts:
app = self.mounts[script]
break
script, last_item = script.rsplit('/', 1)
path_info = '/%s%s' % (last_item, path_info)
else:
app = self.mounts.get(script, self.app)
original_script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = original_script_name + script
environ['PATH_INFO'] = path_info
return app(environ, start_response)
当script = /index是,while条件成立,同时对判断 /index是否在self.mounts,显然此时不在,分割/index,修改script为空,此时while不成立,执行app = self.mounts.get(script, self.app),返回self.app也就是app01,接着运行app01(),这也就是和在上下文中流程一样了。究其本质,就是通过url匹配出是哪个app,在运行该app的__call__方法。
三、栈是使用
flask中的请求数据存放实际利用列表构造的栈来存储的,每次pop都从最后pop出栈。当我们在进行测试或者写flask离线脚本时候可能会使用到上下文嵌套,例如:
from flask import Flask, current_app, _app_ctx_stack
app1 = Flask('app01')
app1.debug = False
app2 = Flask('app02')
app2.debug = True
with app1.app_context():
print(_app_ctx_stack._local.__storage__)
#{<greenlet.greenlet object at 0x10dc79e88>: {'stack': [<flask.ctx.AppContext object at 0x10dda7b00>]}}
print(current_app.config['DEBUG']) # False
with app2.app_context():
print(_app_ctx_stack._local.__storage__)
#{<greenlet.greenlet object at 0x10dc79e88>: {'stack': [<flask.ctx.AppContext object at 0x10dda7b00>, <flask.ctx.AppContext object at 0x10dda7c18>]}}
print(current_app.config['DEBUG']) # True
print(current_app.config['DEBUG']) # False
在以上示例中在app01的上下文中嵌套了app02的上下文,所以在栈中会有两个app_ctx,但是在各自取上下文的时候都不会冲突,因为app02的上下文在最后,也就是第二个with中top是app02的app_ctx。
四、关于with
with语法在python中非常多见,比如文件操作中打开文件,实时上with常常用于做一些先操作后清理的工作,比如文件操作最后需要关闭文件,数据库操作先进行拿数据库连接进行查询,最后关闭连接等等。
如何工作:
被with作用的对象必须有一个__enter__()方法和一个__exit__()方法,紧跟with后面的语句被调用,并返回对象的__enter__()方法被调用,这个方法的返回值将被赋值给as后面的变量。当with后面的代码块全部被执行完之后,将调用前面返回对象的__exit__()方法。
以下是一个with语句的示例:
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __enter__(self):
print('run __enter__')
return self.name
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('run __exit__')
with Foo('wd') as myname:
print("vars:",myname)
结果:
run __enter__
vars: wd
run __exit__
可能你会注意在到,在以上的demo中__exit__方法中多了三个参数,即exc_type、exc_val、exc_tb这是对应着在with语句中代码出现异常时也会执行__exit__并接受异常,分别对应着:异常类型、异常值、以及异常的traceback。示例:
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __enter__(self):
print('run __enter__')
return self.name
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('run __exit__')
print('exc_type:',exc_type)
print('exc_val:',exc_val)
print('exc_tb:',exc_tb)
with Foo('wd') as myname:
print("vars:", myname)
a=[]
v=a[1]
print(v)
结果:
run __enter__
vars: wd
run __exit__
exc_type: <class 'IndexError'>
exc_val: list index out of range
exc_tb: <traceback object at 0x10ec98508>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "dbapi.py", line 21, in <module>
v=a[1]
IndexError: list index out of range
最后我们回过头来看看app_context()对象中的__enter__方法和__exit__方法:
def __enter__(self):
self.push()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
self.pop(exc_value)
if BROKEN_PYPY_CTXMGR_EXIT and exc_type is not None:
reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
实际上非常简单,执行__enter__时候调用push压栈,执行__exit__时pop出栈,这样就使得每个with里面都是当前app的上下文,而不会冲突。