被动语态练习题
注: 只有及物动词才有被动概念
被动语态的定义
被动语态 (passive voice) 是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,只有需要动作对象的 及物动词 才有被动语态。可以对应到汉语用 “被” “受” “给” 等被动词来表示被动的意义。
被动语态的形式
被动语态由 “助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词” 构成。
被动语态的时态变化只改变 be 的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
具体来说就是,主动态动词如要变成被动态,是把助动词 be 变为主动态动词原来的时态,再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到,可置于 by 之后或放在从句的后面。
被动语态与时态的结合
1、基本用法
① 形式:be + 过去分词 ( + by + 动作的发出者)
Harry cooks our meals.
Our meals are cooked by Harry
Andrew broke the window.
The window was broken by Andrew.
Somebody saw her in Belfast. 注意这里动作的发出者是 Someboby,某人,不能确定具体的人,即不知道动作的发出者是谁,此时就需要用被动语态,英文中实际用下面那个表达
She was seen in Belfast.
注:被动语态用处主要是不确定动作的发出者,比如生产手机,谁生产的不重要,关键是手机被生产2、被动语态 + 一般现在时
① 形式: be done
You are waken
He/She/It is waken
② to say the things that are always true. 说明事情总是正确的I am paid every season.我每一个季度领一次工资
Stamps are not sold here. 我们这不卖有票
③ to say things that happen all the time, repeatedly, often. sometimes, never …
注: 用法和一般现在时用法完全一致3、被动语态 + 一般将来时
① 形式: will be done,疑问句 will 提前,将来被
one day all work will be done by machines.有一天机器会做所有的事情。
The concert will be held in 2050.
When will the concert be held?
4、被动语态 + 一般过去时
① 形式:was / were done 曾经被 …
② for complete finished actions and events.完成的The silver bracelet was made by my grandfather 这个银手镯是我爷爷制作的
We were not met at the gate. 我们在大门口没有见到
5、被动语态 + 现在进行时
① 形式:be being done 正在被…
② for things that are happening now. 正在发生的事情The carpet is being cleaned. 地毯正在被清洁
③ for things that are planned for the future. 未来的计划,打算When are you going to see the doctor. 常规用法,你打算什么时候去看医生
6、被动语态 + 现在完成时
① 形式:have / has been done 已经被 …
② to talk about past actions and events which are important now.强调过去的动作和时间对现在来讲是重要的。The house has been sold. 这所房子已经被买了
7、by 引出动作发出者
be + 过去分词 + by + 动作发出者
the tall building was built
Who was that tall building built by? 这个建筑是谁修建的?
8、主被动区别
① 强调对象不同,主动强调动作的发出者,被动强调动作承受者,句中其实谁最重要谁放句首
② 发出者不知道或者显而易见的时候均可用被动语态。
被动语态常见用法
1. 动作的发出者,即施动者,很明确,一般没有必要提及时
- The garbage hasn’t been collected. 垃圾没有被清走。
- The streets are swept every morning. 马路每早都清扫。
- Your ankle will be X-rayed. 你的脚踝要照 X 片。
2. 不知道、不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者时
- The president was murdered. 总统被谋杀了。
- My car has been moved! 我的汽车被挪动过了!
- I’ve been told that… 有人告诉我说…
3.主动动词的主语是人们时
- He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. 他被怀疑接受了赃物。(人们怀疑他…)
- They are supposed to be living in Singapore. 据猜测他们现在住在新加坡。(人们猜测他们住在新加坡)
4.主动句的主语是不定代词 one 时
- 主动态: One sees this sort of unnecessary waste everywhere. 这种不必要的浪费随处可见。
- 被动态: This sort of unnecessary waste is seen everywhere. 这种不必要的浪费随处可见。
5.使用被动语态可避免说出别扭或容易产生歧义的句子。这样做通常可避免改换主语。
- When their mother was ill, neighbors looked after the children. 孩子们的母亲生病时,邻居们照顾他们。
- 最好表示为: When their mother was ill, the children were looked after by neighbors. 孩子们的母亲生病时,他们由邻居们照顾。
6.有时为了心理学上的原因而选择使用被动态动词。说话人可能用这个办法来表示他对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负有责任。有时说话人可能知道动作是谁做的,但不希望提到他的名字。
- This letter has been opened. 这封信有人拆过了。
- 而不说: You’ ve opened this letter. 你把我的信拆开了。
被动语态的习惯表达
1.在口语化的话语中,有时用 get 代替 be
- The paper bags got(were) broken.纸袋子破了。
- You’ll get(be) sacked if you take any more time off.你要是再溜号不好好上班,就会被炒鱿鱼了。
2.句子如含有一个直接宾语和一个间接宾语时,理论上可以有两种被动态形式。
- 主动语态: Someone gave her a necklace. 有人送给她一条项链。
- 被动语态: She was given a necklace. A necklace was given to her.
- 注意: 第一种形式较第二种形式更为常用,即把间接宾语(而不是直接宾语) 变成被动态动词的主语。
3.对主动态动词的主语是谁(或是什么) 提问时,常用陈述语序。那么同样,对被动态动词主语是谁(或是什么) 提问时,也常用陈述语序。
主动态:
- The rain delayed me.
What delayed you? 什么事耽误了你? - The red team won.
which team won? 哪个队赢了?
被动态:
- Something was done.
What was done? 干了什么事? - One of them was sold.
Which of them was sold? 其中的哪一个被卖了?
4.介词与被动态动词连用
① 我们之前有提到过,如果句中要提到被动态动词的施动者时,前面须用 by 引导
- 主动态: What makes these holes? 是什么东西弄出这些破洞的?
- 被动态: What are these holes made by? 这些破洞是什么东西弄的?
- 但注意下列句子:
- Smoke filled the room. 房间里烟雾弥漫。
- Paint covered the floor. 油漆涂满了地面。
- 它们的被动形式应当是:
- The room was filled with smoke.The floor was covered with paint. 因为这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。
② 动词 + 介词 + 宾语这一结构变成被动态时,介词应直接跟在动词之后
- 主动态: We must write to him. 我们必须给他写信。
- 被动态: He must be written to. 必须给他写信。
- 主动态: You can play with these cats quite safely. 你和这些猫咪玩不会有危险。
- 被动态: These cats can be played with quite safely. 和这些猫咪玩不会有危险。
③ 对动词 + 介词 / 副词结构,也应同样处理
- 主动态: They threw away the old magazines. 他们把旧杂志扔了。
- 被动态: The old magazines were thrown away. 旧杂志给扔了。
- 主动态: He looked after the children well. 他对孩子们照顾得很好。
- 被动态: The children were well looked after. 孩子们被照顾得很好。
主动形式表被动意义
动词的主动形式表示被动意义主要有三种:
1. 感官动词
- 表示状态特征的系动词,如 look, taste, smell, sound, feel 等,这些词后面常常接形容词,表示被动意义,意思是 “…起来”
- The music sounds wonderful. 这首音乐听起来很优美。
- The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香甜。
- The apples taste delicious. 这些苹果尝起来非常美味可口。
- lt is known to us that ice always feels cold. 我们都知道冰摸起来总是冷的。
2. 某些表示事物内在的品质和属性的动词,如 sell, wash, write, teach, weigh,read, open, lock 等,这些词用主动形式表示被动意义
- This kind of eye shadow sells well. 这种眼影很畅销。
- She weighs 60 kilos. 她体重为60公斤。
- The pen l bought yesterday writes smoothly. 我昨天买的那只钢笔写起字来很流畅。
- This sweater washes well. 这件毛衣很耐洗。
3.部分不及物短语动词,如 turn out, go on, break out, come out, come into being, take place, belong to 等
- Cosgrave’s forecast turned out to be completely wrong. 科斯格累夫的预测被发现是完全错误的。
- This pair of boots is so tight that they will go on with difficulty. 这双靴子太紧了,以至于穿起来很费事。
- lt is envisaged that the talks will take place in the spring. 谈判预期在春季举行。
动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
此外,want, need, require 表示 “需要” 的时候,可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动,也可以用不定式的被动式
- The machine isn’ t working well.
- lt needs/wants/requires repairing/(to be repaired). 这台机器不太好用了,需要修理。
- The problem needs/wants/requires discussing/(to be discussed).这个问题需要讨论。
总结
案例 | 形式 |
这些评论家(过去)被遗忘 | These critics were forgotten. |
这些评论家(现在)被遗忘 | These critics are forgotten. |
这些评论家将会(现在的将来)被遗忘 | These critics will be forgotten. |
这些评论家过去将会(过去的将来)被遗忘 | These critics would be forgotten. |
这些评论家过去正在被遗忘 | These critics were being forgotten. |
这些评论家现在正在被遗忘 | These critics are being forgotten. |
这些评论家过去已经(过去的之前)被遗忘 | These critics had been forgotten. |
这些评论家现在已经(现在的之前)被遗忘 | These critics have been forgotten. |