本文我们讨论Qt5 容器类,主要包括QVector, QList, QStringList, QSet, QMap类。容器类是通用类型,用于存储特定类型的对象集合,C++提供了STL,在Qt中我们可以使用Qt容器或STL容器。

概述

Qt主要提供了两种类型的容器:顺序和关联。顺序类容器一个接着一个地存储对象,而关联容器按照键值对方式存储对象。QList, QVector, QLinkedList是顺序类,QMap 和 QHash 是关联类。

我们的示例主要为命令行程序,不需要Qt GUI模块,因此在项目文件中增加 QT -= gui 去掉GUI模块依赖。

Qt5 QVector

QVector 是模板类,提供了动态数组功能。它用连续内存地址存储对象,并提供索引方式快速访问元素。对于非常大的向量,插入操作非常慢,建议使用QList容器代替。

#include <QVector>
#include <QTextStream>

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);

    // 声明int类型向量,并初始化
    QVector<int> vals = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

    // size方法输出向量元素数量大小
    out << "The size of the vector is: " << vals.size() << endl;

    
    out << "The first item is: " << vals.first() << endl;
    out << "The last item is: " << vals.last() << endl;

    // 追加元素
    vals.append(6);
    // 前面插入元素
    vals.prepend(0);

    out << "Elements: ";

    // 遍历元素
    for (int val : vals) {
        out << val << " ";
    }

    out << endl;

    return 0;
}

代码几乎是自解释的,部分语句增加了注释。运行输出结果:

The size of the vector is: 5
The first item is: 1
The last item is: 5
Elements: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Qt5 QList

QList 是列表元素的容器类。与QVector类似,它存储对象列表,基于索引方式快速访问,而且插入、删除速度也很快,是最常用的容器。

// mylist.cpp
#include <QTextStream>
#include <QList>
#include <algorithm>

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);

    // 创建字符串列表,并初始化
    QList<QString> authors = {"Balzac", "Tolstoy", "Gulbranssen", "London"};

    通过索引遍历
    for (int i=0; i < authors.size(); ++i) {
        out << authors.at(i) << endl;
    }

    authors << "Galsworthy" << "Sienkiewicz";

    out << "***********************" << endl;

    // 列表排序
    std::sort(authors.begin(), authors.end());

    out << "Sorted:" << endl;
    for (QString author : authors) {
        out << author << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

运行输出结果:

Balzac
Tolstoy
Gulbranssen
London
***********************
Sorted:
Balzac
Galsworthy
Gulbranssen
London
Sienkiewicz
Tolstoy

QStringList

QStringList是非常方便的字符串列表容器类,可以基于索引快速访问,并且插入删除速度也很快。

#include <QTextStream>
#include <QList>
#include <QStringList>

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);

    // 定义字符串
    QString string = "coin, book, cup, pencil, clock, bookmark";

    // 通过split方法生成QStringList对象
    QStringList items = string.split(",");

    // 定义迭代器
    QStringListIterator it(items);

    while (it.hasNext()) {
        out << it.next().trimmed() << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

输出结果:

coin
book
cup
pencil
clock
bookmark

Qt5 QSet

QSet 提供了具备快速查找功能的不重复值集合。这些值以无序方式存储。下面示例存储颜色,如果有重复值会自动去重。

#include <QSet>
#include <QList>
#include <QTextStream>
#include <algorithm>

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);

    // 定义两个Set集合
    QSet<QString> cols1 = {"yellow", "red", "blue"};
    QSet<QString> cols2 = {"blue", "pink", "orange"};

    // 输出元素数量
    out << "There are " << cols1.size() << " values in the set" << endl;

    cols1.insert("brown");

    out << "There are " << cols1.size() << " values in the set" << endl;

    // 连个集合取并集
    cols1.unite(cols2);

    out << "There are " << cols1.size() << " values in the set" << endl;

    for (QString val : cols1) {
        out << val << endl;
    }

    // 排序
    QList<QString> lcols = cols1.values();
    std::sort(lcols.begin(), lcols.end());

    out << "*********************" << endl;
    out << "Sorted:" << endl;

    for (QString val : lcols) {
        out << val << endl;
    }

   return 0;
}

输出结果:

There are 3 values in the set
There are 4 values in the set
There are 6 values in the set
pink
orange
brown
blue
yellow
red
*********************
Sorted:
blue
brown
orange
pink
red
yellow

Qt5 QMap

QMap 是关联数组(字典),用于存储键值对,通过键可以快速查找值。下面示例映射字符串至整数值:

#include <QTextStream>
#include <QMap>

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);
    // 创建Map包括两个键值对
    QMap<QString, int> items = { {"coins", 5}, {"books", 3} };

    // 插入键值对
    items.insert("bottles", 7);

    QList<int> values = items.values();

    out << "\nValues:" << endl;

    for (int val : values) {
        out << val << endl;
    }

    // 获取所有键集合
    QList<QString> keys = items.keys();

    out << "\nKeys:" << endl;
    for (QString key : keys) {
        out << key << endl;
    }

    // 获取迭代器
    QMapIterator<QString, int> it(items);

    out << "\nPairs:" << endl;

    while (it.hasNext()) {
        it.next();
        out << it.key() << ": " << it.value() << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

输出结果:

Values:
3
7
5

Keys:
books
bottles
coins

Pairs:
books: 3
bottles: 7
coins: 5

自定义类排序

下面示例展示如何对自定义类QList进行排序,首先定义Book类头文件:

// book.h
class Book {

    public:
        Book(QString, QString);
        QString getAuthor() const;
        QString getTitle() const;

    private:
        QString author;
        QString title;
};

Book类的实现类:

// sortcustomclass.cpp

#include <QTextStream>
#include <QList>
#include <algorithm>
#include "book.h"

// 创建排序类,依据标题排序
bool compareByTitle(const Book &b1, const Book &b2) {
  return b1.getTitle() < b2.getTitle();
}

int main(void) {

    QTextStream out(stdout);

    // 定义Book对象List集合
    QList<Book> books = {
        Book("Jack London", "The Call of the Wild"),
        Book("Honoré de Balzac", "Father Goriot"),
        Book("Leo Tolstoy", "War and Peace"),
        Book("Gustave Flaubert", "Sentimental education"),
        Book("Guy de Maupassant", "Une vie"),
        Book("William Shakespeare", "Hamlet")
    };

    // 按照自定义排序方法进行排序
    std::sort(books.begin(), books.end(), compareByTitle);

    for (Book book : books) {
        out << book.getAuthor() << ": " << book.getTitle() << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

输出结果:

Honoré de Balzac: Father Goriot
William Shakespeare: Hamlet
Gustave Flaubert: Sentimental education
Jack London: The Call of the Wild
Guy de Maupassant: Une vie
Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace