环境：
ubuntu 15.04
学习有关磁盘的一些操作及概念，挂载，文件系统，创建ios文件，移动硬盘分区及格式化。
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mkdir /mnt/cdrom #创建挂载目录
[sudo] password for edemon:
edemon@linux:~$ cd /mnt
edemon@linux:/mnt$ sudo mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom # mount挂载
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only #只读方式挂载
edemon@linux:~$ cd /mnt/cdrom
edemon@linux:/mnt/cdrom$ ls
autorun.inf dists md5sum.txt preseed wubi.exe
boot install pics README.diskdefines
casper isolinux pool ubuntu
edemon@linux:/mnt/cdrom$ cd
edemon@linux:~$ sudo umount /dev/cdrom #卸载挂载的光盘
edemon@linux:~$ cd /mnt/cdrom
edemon@linux:/mnt/cdrom$ ls
edemon@linux:/mnt/cdrom$
通过文件操作硬件，每个文件都有不同的含义，如 /dev/disk/sda1 代表第一块硬盘上的第一个主分区
存储设备不能直接访问（打开），必须先挂载到一个目录中。
查看linux下挂载分区情况：
edemon@linux:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for edemon:
Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x2ac21aa0
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39845887 39843840 19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39847934 41940991 2093058 1022M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39847936 41940991 2093056 1022M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
插上移动硬盘后，查看会发现多了一个设备文件：
edemon@linux:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x2ac21aa0
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 39845887 39843840 19G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 39847934 41940991 2093058 1022M 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 39847936 41940991 2093056 1022M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 465.7 GiB, 500074283008 bytes, 976707584 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6f32fa54
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 976707583 976705536 465.7G 7
挂载查看移动硬盘的内容：
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb1
Mount is denied because the NTFS volume is already exclusively opened.
The volume may be already mounted, or another software may use it which
could be identified for example by the help of the 'fuser' command.
edemon@linux:~$ sudo umount /dev/sdb1
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb1
edemon@linux:~$ cd /mnt/usb1
edemon@linux:/mnt/usb1$ ls
autorun ReadMe.pdf System Volume Information 安装包
autorun.inf $RECYCLE.BIN WD Smartware Pro Free Trial
打开窗口：
dd制作的iso文件（同时也明白了如果目标就在当前目录，使用locate和whereis是不返回值的）：
创建ios文件：
edemon@linux:~/test$ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=ubuntu1504.iso
2321984+0 records in
2321984+0 records out
1188855808 bytes (1.2 GB) copied, 102.33 s, 11.6 MB/s
解释：if=input file of=output file
查看磁盘的挂载情况：
edemon@linux:~$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev 501860 0 501860 0% /dev
tmpfs 102456 9432 93024 10% /run
/dev/sda1 19478204 6091728 12373996 33% /
tmpfs 512268 156 512112 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 512268 0 512268 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgmfs 100 0 100 0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs 102456 0 102456 0% /run/user/120
tmpfs 102456 60 102396 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sr0 1160992 1160992 0 100% /media/edemon/Ubuntu 15.04 i386
/dev/sdb1 488352764 35273248 453079516 8% /mnt/usb1
linux常常使用的文件格式，ext2,ext3,查看自己文件系统的格式：
edemon@linux:~$ cat -n /etc/fstab
1 # /etc/fstab: static file system information.
2 #
3 # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
4 # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
5 # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
6 #
7 # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
8 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation
9 UUID=0ed3d27d-eca2-4548-86a3-8454da1bc10a / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
10 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation
11 UUID=a80ee812-2cbb-45df-822c-98080e663e51 none swap sw 0 0
12 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0
查看各种文件系统的格式并列出和移动硬盘文件系统相同的文件系统：
edemon@linux:/mnt/usb1$ mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=501860k,nr_inodes=125465,mode=755)
#......
#......
tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=102456k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)
/dev/sr0 on /media/edemon/Ubuntu 15.04 i386 type iso9660 (ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,iocharset=utf8,mode=0400,dmode=0500,uhelper=udisks2)
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/usb1 type fuseblk (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096)
edemon@linux:/mnt/usb1$ df -t fuseblk #查看特定文件格式的文件系统
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1 488352764 35273248 453079516 8% /mnt/usb1
可以用fsck命令修复文件系统。
检测文件系统：
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mkfs -c /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)
Found a gpt partition table in /dev/sdb1
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Creating filesystem with 122088192 4k blocks and 30523392 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 8029ae8d-de1a-4e6d-a48b-9b68d4eca0b9
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000
Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): 0.00% done, 0:00 elapsed. (0/0/0 err
压缩文件：
gzip filename
解压：
gunzip filename
查看压缩文件属性:
edemon@linux:~/test$ gzip -l t.tar.gz
compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name
136 10240 98.8% t.tar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
移动硬盘分区：
之前由于技能掌握的不好，加上太胆大，直接把500G的移动硬盘弄坏了，于是一晚上就用PE的diskGenius不断恢复数据和分区。。。
现在分了一个10G的空闲空间，随便玩。。。
拿最小的sdb6分区实验
edemon@linux:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb6
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.25.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
查看分区情况：
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb6: 9.7 GiB, 10421397504 bytes, 20354292 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e697373
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb6p1 ? 1936269394 3772285809 1836016416 875.5G 4f QNX4.x 3rd part
/dev/sdb6p2 ? 1917848077 2462285169 544437093 259.6G 73 unknown
/dev/sdb6p3 ? 1818575915 2362751050 544175136 259.5G 2b unknown
/dev/sdb6p4 ? 2844524554 2844579527 54974 26.9M 61 SpeedStor
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
因为已经有四个分区了，所以删除一些再操作：
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (2-4, default 4): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (3,4, default 4): 3
Partition 3 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 4
Partition 4 has been deleted.
新增主分区1
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20354291, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20354291, default 20354291): +5G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb6: 9.7 GiB, 10421397504 bytes, 20354292 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e697373
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb6p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
新增拓展分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (10487808-20354291, default 10487808):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (10487808-20354291, default 20354291): +3G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Extended' and of size 3 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb6: 9.7 GiB, 10421397504 bytes, 20354292 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e697373
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb6p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6p2 10487808 16779263 6291456 3G 5 Extended
新增逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (10489856-16779263, default 10489856):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (10489856-16779263, default 16779263):
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.
查看效果：
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb6: 9.7 GiB, 10421397504 bytes, 20354292 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e697373
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb6p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6p2 10487808 16779263 6291456 3G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb6p5 10489856 16779263 6289408 3G 83 Linux
写入磁盘（w命令慎重使用，反悔的话用q退出即可）：
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Invalid argument
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).
edemon@linux:~$ partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
Error: Can't have a partition outside the disk!
edemon@linux:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb6
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.25.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb6: 9.7 GiB, 10421397504 bytes, 20354292 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6e697373
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb6p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6p2 10487808 16779263 6291456 3G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb6p5 10489856 16779263 6289408 3G 83 Linux
格式化分区
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb6
mke2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)
/dev/sdb6 contains a ntfs file system labelled '文档'
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
/dev/sdb6 is mounted; will not make a filesystem here!
edemon@linux:~$ sudo umount /dev/sdb6
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb6
mke2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)
/dev/sdb6 contains a ntfs file system labelled '文档'
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Creating filesystem with 2544286 4k blocks and 636480 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 65688033-5e57-4640-8296-ffc53e17f605
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
格式化成vfat便于windowsh和linux系统共享
edemon@linux:~$ sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb6
mkfs.fat 3.0.27 (2014-11-12)
#检查磁盘命令：
edemon@linux:~$ sudo fsck -f /dev/sdb6
[sudo] password for edemon:
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck.fat 3.0.27 (2014-11-12)
0x41: Dirty bit is set. Fs was not properly unmounted and some data may be corrupt.
1) Remove dirty bit
2) No action
?
