一、函数
函数分为(1)系统函数,(2)自定义函数。
其中自定义函数又可以分为 (1)标量值函数(返回单个值), (2)表值函数(返回查询结果)
本文主要介绍自定义函数的使用。
(1)编写一个函数求该银行的金额总和
create function GetSumMoney() returns money
as
begin
declare @sum money
select @sum=(select sum(CardMoney)from BankCard)
return @sum
end
函数调用
select dbo.GetSumMoney()
上述函数没有参数,下面介绍有参数的函数的定义及使用 (2)传入账户编号,返回账户真实姓名
create function GetRealNameById(@accid int)returns varchar(30)
as
begin
declare @name varchar(30)
select @name=(select RealName from AccountInfo where AccountId=@accid)
return @name
end
函数调用
select dbo.GetRealNameById(3)
(3)传递开始时间和结束时间,返回交易记录(存钱取钱),交易记录中包含 真实姓名,卡号,存钱金额,取钱金额,交易时间。
方案一(逻辑复杂,函数内容除了返回结果的sql语句还有其他内容,例如定义变量等):
create function GetRecordByTime(@start varchar(30),@end varchar(30))
returns @result table
(
RealName varchar(30), --真实姓名
CardNo varchar(30), --卡号
MoneyInBank money, --存钱金额
MoneyOutBank money, --取钱金额
ExchangeTime smalldatetime --交易时间
)
as
begin
insert into @result
select RealName 姓名, CardExchange.CardNo 卡号,MoneyInBank 存钱金额,MoneyOutBank 取钱金额,ExchangeTime 交易时间
from CardExchange
inner join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo=BankCard.CardNo
inner join AccountInfo on AccountInfo.AccountId=BankCard.AccountId
where ExchangeTime between @start+' 00:00:00' and @end+' 23:59:59'
return
end
函数调用
select*from GetRecordByTime('2021-1-1','2021-8-31')
方案二(逻辑简单,函数内容直接是一条sql查询语句):
create function GetRecordByTime(@start varchar(30),@end varchar(30))
returns table
as
return
select RealName 姓名, CardExchange.CardNo 卡号,MoneyInBank 存钱金额,MoneyOutBank 取钱金额,ExchangeTime 交易时间
from CardExchange
inner join BankCard on CardExchange.CardNo=BankCard.CardNo
inner join AccountInfo on AccountInfo.AccountId=BankCard.AccountId
where ExchangeTime between @start+' 00:00:00' and @end+' 23:59:59'
go
函数调用:
select*from GetRecordByTime('2021-1-1','2021-8-31')
(4)查询银行卡信息,将银行卡状态1,2,3,4分别转换为汉字“正常,挂失,冻结,注销”,根据银行卡余额显示银行卡等级 30万以下为“普通用户”,30万及以上为"VIP用户",分别显示卡号,身份证,姓名,余额,用户等级,银行卡状态。
方案一:直接在sql语句中使用case when
select CardNo 卡号,AccountCode 身份证号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额 ,
case
when CardMoney>=300000 then 'VIP用户'
else'普通用户'
end 用户等级,
case CardState
when 1 then '正常'
when 2 then '挂失'
when 3 then '冻结'
when 4 then '注销'
else '异常'
end 银行卡状态
from BankCard
inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId=AccountInfo.AccountId
方案二:将等级和状态用函数实现
--用户等级函数
create function GetGrade(@cardmoney money)returns varchar(30)
as
begin
declare @result varchar(30)
if @cardmoney>=300000
set @result='VIP用户'
else
set @result='普通用户'
return @result
end
--银行卡状态函数
create function GetState(@state int)returns varchar(30)
as
begin
declare @result varchar(30)
if @state=1
set @result='正常'
else if @state=2
set @result='挂失'
else if @state=3
set @result='冻结'
else if @state=4
set @result='注销'
else
set @result='异常'
return @result
end
函数调用实现查询功能
select CardNo 卡号,AccountCode 身份证号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额 ,
dbo.GetGrade(CardMoney) 用户等级,dbo.GetState(CardState) 银行卡状态
from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId=AccountInfo.AccountId
(5)编写函数,根据出生日期求年龄,年龄求实岁,例如:
生日为2000-5-5,当前为2018-5-4,年龄为17岁 生日为2000-5-5,当前为2018-5-6,年龄为18岁
测试数据如下:
create table Emp
(
EmpId int primary key identity(1,2), --自动编号
empName varchar(20), --姓名
empSex varchar(4), --性别
empBirth smalldatetime --生日
)
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('刘备','男','2008-5-8')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('关羽','男','1998-10-10')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('张飞','男','1999-7-5')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('赵云','男','2003-12-12')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('马超','男','2003-1-5')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('黄忠','男','1988-8-4')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('魏延','男','1998-5-2')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('简雍','男','1992-2-20')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('诸葛亮','男','1993-3-1')
insert into Emp(empName,empSex,empBirth) values('徐庶','男','1994-8-5')
函数定义:
create function GetAge(@birth smalldatetime)returns int
as
begin
declare @age int
set @age=year(getdate())-year(@birth)
if month(getdate())<month(@birth)
set @age=@age-1
if month(getdate())=month(@birth) and day(getdate())<day(@birth)
set @age=@age-1
return @age
end
函数调用实现查询
select*,dbo.GetAge(empBirth) 年龄 from Emp
二、触发器
触发器分类:(1) “Instead of”触发器(2)“After”触发器 “Instead of”触发器:在执行操作之前被执行 “After”触发器:在执行操作之后被执行
触发器中后面的案例中需要用到的表及测试数据如下:
--部门
create table Department
(
DepartmentId varchar(10) primary key , --主键,自动增长
DepartmentName nvarchar(50), --部门名称
)
--人员信息
create table People
(
PeopleId int primary key identity(1,1), --主键,自动增长
DepartmentId varchar(10), --部门编号,外键,与部门表关联
PeopleName nvarchar(20), --人员姓名
PeopleSex nvarchar(2), --人员性别
PeoplePhone nvarchar(20), --电话,联系方式
)
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('001','总经办')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('002','市场部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('003','人事部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('004','财务部')
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values('005','软件部')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('001','刘备','男','13558785478')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('001','关羽','男','13558788785')
insert into People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('002','张飞','男','13698547125')
(1)假设有部门表和员工表,在添加员工的时候,该员工的部门编号如果在部门表中找不到,则自动添加部门信息,部门名称为"新部门"。
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_insertPeople on People after insert
as
if not exists(select*from Department where DepartmentId=(select DepartmentId from inserted))
begin
insert into Department(DepartmentId,DepartmentName)
values((select DepartmentId from inserted),'新部门')
end
go
测试触发器:
insert People(DepartmentId,PeopleName,PeopleSex,PeoplePhone)
values('006','马超','男','13854587456')
我们会发现,当插入马超这个员工的时候会自动向部门表中添加数据。
(2)触发器实现,删除一个部门的时候将部门下所有员工全部删除。
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_DeleteDept on Department after delete
as
delete from people where DepartmentId=(select DepartmentId from deleted)
go
测试触发器:
delete from Department where DepartmentId='006'
我们会发现当我们删除此部门的时候,同时会删除该部门下的所有员工
(3)创建一个触发器,删除一个部门的时候判断该部门下是否有员工,有则不删除,没有则删除。
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_DeleteDept on Department instead of delete
as
if not exists(select*from People where DepartmentId=(select DepartmentId from deleted))
delete from Department where DepartmentId=(select DepartmentId from deleted)
go
测试触发器:
delete from Department where DepartmentId='001'
delete from Department where DepartmentId='005'
我们会发现,当部门下没有员工的部门信息可以成功删除,而部门下有员工的部门并没有被删除。
(4)修改一个部门编号之后,将该部门下所有员工的部门编号同步进行修改
编写触发器:
create trigger tri_UpdateDept on Department after update
as
update People set DepartmentId = (select DepartmentId from inserted)
where DepartmentId =(select DepartmentId from deleted)
go
测试触发器:
update Department set DepartmentId = '005'where DepartmentId ='001'
我们会发现不但部门信息表中的部门编号进行了修改,员工信息表中部门编号为001的信息也被一起修改了。
三、存储过程
存储过程(Procedure)是SQL语句和流程控制语句的预编译集合。
(1)没有输入参数,没有输出参数的存储过程。
定义存储过程实现查询出账户余额最低的银行卡账户信息,显示银行卡号,姓名,账户余额
--方案一
create proc proc_MinMoneyCard
as
select top 1 CardNo 银行卡号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额
from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
order by CardMoney asc
go
--方案二:(余额最低,有多个人则显示结果是多个)
create proc proc_MinMoneyCard
as
select CardNo 银行卡号,RealName 姓名,CardMoney 余额
from BankCard inner join AccountInfo on BankCard.AccountId = AccountInfo.AccountId
where CardMoney=(select MIN(CardMoney) from BankCard)
go
执行存储过程:
exec proc_MinMoneyCard
(2)有输入参数,没有输出参数的存储过程
模拟银行卡存钱操作,传入银行卡号,存钱金额,实现存钱操作
create proc proc_Cunqian
@CardNo varchar(30),
@Money money
as
update BankCard set CardMoney=CardMoney+@Money
where CardNo=@CardNo
insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime)
values(@CardNo,@Money,0,GETDATE())
go
执行存储过程:
exec proc_Cunqian '6225125478544587',3000
(3)有输入参数,没有输出参数,但是有返回值的存储过程(返回值必须整数)。
模拟银行卡取钱操作,传入银行卡号,取钱金额,实现取钱操作,取钱成功,返回1,取钱失败返回-1
create proc proc_Quqian
@CardNo varchar(30),
@Money money
as
update BankCard set CardMoney=CardMoney-@Money
where CardNo=@CardNo
if @@ERROR<>0
return -1
insert into CardExchange(CardNo,MoneyInBank,MoneyOutBank,ExchangeTime)
values(@CardNo,0,@Money,GETDATE())
return 1
go
执行存储过程:
declare @returnValue int
exec @returnValue =proc_Quqian '6225125478544587',2000
select @returnValue
(4)有输入参数,有输出参数的存储过程
查询出某时间段的银行存取款信息以及存款总金额,取款总金额,传入开始时间,结束时间,显示存取款交易信息的同时,返回存款总金额,取款总金额。
create proc proc_selectExChange
@start varchar(20),--开始时间
@end varchar(20),--结束时间
@sumIn money output,--存款总金额
@sumOut money output--取款总金额
as
select @sumIn=(select sum (MoneyInBank)from CardExchange
where ExchangeTime between @start +' 00:00:00'and @end+' 23:59:59')
select @sumOut=(select sum (MoneyOutBank)from CardExchange
where ExchangeTime between @start +' 00:00:00'and @end+' 23:59:59')
select*from CardExchange
where ExchangeTime between @start +' 00:00:00'and @end+' 23:59:59'
go
执行存储过程:
declare @sumIn money
declare @sumOut money
exec proc_selectExChange '2021-1-1','2021-12-30',@sumIn output, @sumOut output
select @sumIn 存款总金额
select @sumOut 取款总金额
(5)具有同时输入输出参数的存储过程
密码升级,传入用户名和密码,如果用户名密码正确,并且密码长度<8,自动升级成8位密码
create proc proc_PwdUpgrade
@CardNo nvarchar(20),
@pwd nvarchar(20) output
as
if not exists(select*from BankCard where CardNo=@CardNo and CardPwd=@pwd)
set @pwd=''
else
begin
if len(@pwd)<8
begin
declare @len int=8-len(@pwd)
declare @i int=1
while @i<=@len
begin
set @pwd=@pwd+cast(floor(rand()*10)as varchar(1))
set @i=@i+1
end
update BankCard set CardPwd=@pwd where CardNo=@CardNo
end
end
go
执行存储过程:
declare @pwd nvarchar(20)='123456'
exec proc_PwdUpgrade'6225125478544587',@pwd output
select @pwd