简介 : HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目,用于提供高效的,功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户编程工具包,其主要功能如下:
- 实现了所有HTTP的方法 : GET,POST,PUT,HEAD ..
- 支持自动重定向
- 支持HTTPS协议
- 支持代理服务器
关于Http请求的方法说明，参考大佬整理的博客：
javascript:void(0)
一、环境准备
1 JDK1.8
2 IntelliJ IDEA
3 IDEA自带的Maven
创建Maven工程itcast-crawler-first并给pom.xml加入依赖
<dependencies>
<!-- HttpClient -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.3</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 日志 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
<version>1.7.25</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
关于日志的配置文件
log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG,A1
log4j.logger.cn.itcast = DEBUG
log4j.appender.A1=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.A1.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.A1.layout.ConversionPattern=%-d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss,SSS} [%t] [%c]-[%p] %m%n
log4j可以将日志以文件的形式输出，也可以输出打印在控制台上，同时可以设置输出的日志内容显示格式、日志文件的生成方式（追加、覆盖、设置日志文件大小等等）。我这里就是直接将日志打印到控制台上。org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
二、编写代码
编写最简单的爬虫，抓取传智播客首页：http://www.itcast.cn/
public class CrawlerFirst {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1. 打开浏览器,创建HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//2. 输入网址,发起get请求创建HttpGet对象
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://www.itcast.cn");
//3.按回车，发起请求，返回响应，使用HttpClient对象发起请求
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
//4. 解析响应，获取数据
//判断状态码是否是200
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
String content = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity, "utf8");
System.out.println(content);
}
}
}三、Get请求
package cn.itcast.crawler.test;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import java.io.IOException;
public class HttpGetTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//创建HttpGet对象，设置url访问地址
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://www.itcast.cn");
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
//使用HttpClient发起请求，获取response
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
//解析响应
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "utf8");
System.out.println(content.length());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭response
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
httpClient.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
四、带参数的GET请求
public class HttpGetParamTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//创建HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//设置请求地址是：http://yun.itheima.com/search?keys=Java
//创建URIBuilder
URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder("http://yun.itheima.com/search");
//设置参数
uriBuilder.setParameter("keys","Java");
//创建HttpGet对象，设置url访问地址
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(uriBuilder.build());
System.out.println("发起请求的信息："+httpGet);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
//使用HttpClient发起请求，获取response
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
//解析响应
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "utf8");
System.out.println(content.length());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭response
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
httpClient.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}五、POST请求
public class HttpPostTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//创建HttpPost对象，设置url访问地址
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("http://www.itcast.cn");
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
//使用HttpClient发起请求，获取response
response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
//解析响应
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "utf8");
System.out.println(content.length());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭response
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
httpClient.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}六、带参数的POST请求
public class HttpPostParamTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//创建HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
//创建HttpPost对象，设置url访问地址
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("http://yun.itheima.com/search");
//声明List集合，封装表单中的参数
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
//设置请求地址是：http://yun.itheima.com/search?keys=Java
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("keys","Java"));
//创建表单的Entity对象,第一个参数就是封装好的表单数据，第二个参数就是编码
UrlEncodedFormEntity formEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params,"utf8");
//设置表单的Entity对象到Post请求中
httpPost.setEntity(formEntity);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
//使用HttpClient发起请求，获取response
response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
//解析响应
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "utf8");
System.out.println(content.length());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭response
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
httpClient.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}七、HTTP连接池
如果每次请求都要创建HttpClient，会有频繁创建和销毁的问题，可以使用连接池来解决这个问题。
测试以下代码，并断点查看每次获取的HttpClient都是不一样的。
public class HttpClientPoolTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建连接池管理器
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager();
//设置最大连接数
cm.setMaxTotal(100);
//设置每个主机的最大连接数
cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(10);
//使用连接池管理器发起请求
doGet(cm);
doGet(cm);
}
private static void doGet(PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager cm) {
//不是每次创建新的HttpClient，而是从连接池中获取HttpClient对象
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().setConnectionManager(cm).build();
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://www.itcast.cn");
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
try {
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
String content = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "utf8");
System.out.println(content.length());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if (response != null) {
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//不能关闭HttpClient，由连接池管理HttpClient
//httpClient.close();
}
}
}
}八、RequestConfig配置连接信息
在构建网络爬虫时，经常需要配置很多信息，例如RequestTimeout（连接池获取到连接的超时时间）、ConnectTimeout（建立连接的超时）、SocketTimeout（获取数据的超时时间)、代理、是否允许重定向等信息。
在HttpClient，实现这些配置需要使用到RequestConfig类的一个内部类Builder。
如下为Builder的源码如下，代码太长了，我直接折叠了。
public static class Builder {
private boolean expectContinueEnabled;
private HttpHost proxy;
private InetAddress localAddress;
private boolean staleConnectionCheckEnabled;
private String cookieSpec;
private boolean redirectsEnabled;
private boolean relativeRedirectsAllowed;
private boolean circularRedirectsAllowed;
private int maxRedirects;
private boolean authenticationEnabled;
private Collection<String> targetPreferredAuthSchemes;
private Collection<String> proxyPreferredAuthSchemes;
private int connectionRequestTimeout;
private int connectTimeout;
private int socketTimeout;
private boolean contentCompressionEnabled;
Builder() {
super();
this.staleConnectionCheckEnabled = false;
this.redirectsEnabled = true;
this.maxRedirects = 50;
this.relativeRedirectsAllowed = true;
this.authenticationEnabled = true;
this.connectionRequestTimeout = -1;
this.connectTimeout = -1;
this.socketTimeout = -1;
this.contentCompressionEnabled = true;
}
public Builder setExpectContinueEnabled(final boolean expectContinueEnabled) {
this.expectContinueEnabled = expectContinueEnabled;
return this;
}
public Builder setProxy(final HttpHost proxy) {
this.proxy = proxy;
return this;
}
public Builder setLocalAddress(final InetAddress localAddress) {
this.localAddress = localAddress;
return this;
}
/**
* @deprecated (4.4) Use {@link
* org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager#setValidateAfterInactivity(int)}
*/
@Deprecated
public Builder setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled(final boolean staleConnectionCheckEnabled) {
this.staleConnectionCheckEnabled = staleConnectionCheckEnabled;
return this;
}
public Builder setCookieSpec(final String cookieSpec) {
this.cookieSpec = cookieSpec;
return this;
}
public Builder setRedirectsEnabled(final boolean redirectsEnabled) {
this.redirectsEnabled = redirectsEnabled;
return this;
}
public Builder setRelativeRedirectsAllowed(final boolean relativeRedirectsAllowed) {
this.relativeRedirectsAllowed = relativeRedirectsAllowed;
return this;
}
public Builder setCircularRedirectsAllowed(final boolean circularRedirectsAllowed) {
this.circularRedirectsAllowed = circularRedirectsAllowed;
return this;
}
public Builder setMaxRedirects(final int maxRedirects) {
this.maxRedirects = maxRedirects;
return this;
}
public Builder setAuthenticationEnabled(final boolean authenticationEnabled) {
this.authenticationEnabled = authenticationEnabled;
return this;
}
public Builder setTargetPreferredAuthSchemes(final Collection<String> targetPreferredAuthSchemes) {
this.targetPreferredAuthSchemes = targetPreferredAuthSchemes;
return this;
}
public Builder setProxyPreferredAuthSchemes(final Collection<String> proxyPreferredAuthSchemes) {
this.proxyPreferredAuthSchemes = proxyPreferredAuthSchemes;
return this;
}
public Builder setConnectionRequestTimeout(final int connectionRequestTimeout) {
this.connectionRequestTimeout = connectionRequestTimeout;
return this;
}
public Builder setConnectTimeout(final int connectTimeout) {
this.connectTimeout = connectTimeout;
return this;
}
public Builder setSocketTimeout(final int socketTimeout) {
this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
return this;
}
/**
* @deprecated (4.5) Set {@link #setContentCompressionEnabled(boolean)} to {@code false} and
* add the {@code Accept-Encoding} request header.
*/
@Deprecated
public Builder setDecompressionEnabled(final boolean decompressionEnabled) {
this.contentCompressionEnabled = decompressionEnabled;
return this;
}
public Builder setContentCompressionEnabled(final boolean contentCompressionEnabled) {
this.contentCompressionEnabled = contentCompressionEnabled;
return this;
}
public RequestConfig build() {
return new RequestConfig(
expectContinueEnabled,
proxy,
localAddress,
staleConnectionCheckEnabled,
cookieSpec,
redirectsEnabled,
relativeRedirectsAllowed,
circularRedirectsAllowed,
maxRedirects,
authenticationEnabled,
targetPreferredAuthSchemes,
proxyPreferredAuthSchemes,
connectionRequestTimeout,
connectTimeout,
socketTimeout,
contentCompressionEnabled);
}
}View Code
超时相关配置
HttpClient中可设置三个超时：RequestTimeout（连接池获取到连接的超时时间）、ConnectTimeout（建立连接的超时）、SocketTimeout（获取数据的超时时间）。使用RequestConfig进行配置的示例程序如下：
//全部设置为10秒
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
.setSocketTimeout(10000)
.setConnectTimeout(10000)
.setConnectionRequestTimeout(10000)
.build();
//配置httpClient
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom()
.setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig)
.build();
代理配置
RequestConfig defaultRequestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
.setProxy(new HttpHost("171.97.67.160", 3128, null))
.build(); //添加代理
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().
setDefaultRequestConfig(defaultRequestConfig).build(); //配置httpClient
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