一、概述
Django Form 组件用于对页面进行初始化,生成 HTML 标签,此外还可以对用户提交对数据进行校验(显示错误信息)。
报错信息显示顺序:
- 先显示字段属性中的错误信息,然后再显示局部钩子的错误信息。
- 若显示了字段属性的错误信息,就不会显示局部钩子的错误信息。
- 若有全局钩子,则全局钩子是等所有的数据都校验完,才开始进行校验,并且全局钩子的错误信息一定会显示。
使用 Form 组件,需要先导入 forms:
from django import forms
接下来我们在 app01 目录下创建一个 My_forms.py:
from django import forms from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from app01 import models class EmpForm(forms.Form): name = forms.CharField(min_length=4, label="姓名", error_messages={"min_length": "你太短了", "required": "该字段不能为空!"}) age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄") salary = forms.DecimalField(label="工资")
字段属性:
- label:输入框前面的文本信息。
- error_message:自定义显示的错误信息,属性值是字典, 其中 required 为设置不能为空时显示的错误信息的 key。
app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse from app01.My_Forms import EmpForm from app01 import models from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError # Create your views here. def add_emp(request): if request.method == "GET": form = EmpForm() return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form}) else: form = EmpForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): # 进行数据校验 # 校验成功 data = form.cleaned_data # 校验成功的值,会放在cleaned_data里。 data.pop('r_salary') print(data) models.Emp.objects.create(**data) return HttpResponse( 'ok' ) # return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form}) else: print(form.errors) # 打印错误信息 clean_errors = form.errors.get("__all__") print(222, clean_errors) return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clean_errors": clean_errors})
app01/urls.py 文件添加以下规则:
path('add_emp/', views.add_emp)
HTML 模版:
app01/add_emp.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h3>添加员工</h3> {#1、自己手动写HTML页面#} <form action="" method="post"> <p>姓名:<input type="text" name="name"></p> <p>年龄:<input type="text" name="age"></p> <p>工资:<input type="text" name="salary"></p> <input type="submit"> </form> {#2、通过form对象的as_p方法实现#} {#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#} {# {% csrf_token %}#} {# {{ form.as_p }}#} {# <input type="submit">#} {#</form>#} {#3、手动获取form对象的字段#} {#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#} {# {% csrf_token %}#} {# <div>#} {# <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label>#} {# {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>#} {# </div>#} {# <div>#} {# <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label>#} {# {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span>#} {# </div>#} {# <div>#} {# <label for="id_salary">工资</label>#} {# {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}</span>#} {# </div>#} {# <input type="submit">#} {#</form>#} {#4、用for循环展示所有字段#} {#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#} {# {% csrf_token %}#} {# {% for field in form %}#} {# <div>#} {# <label for="id_{{ field.name }}">{{ field.label }}</label>#} {# {{ field }} <span>{{ field.errors.0 }}</span>#} {# </div>#} {# {% endfor %}#} {# <input type="submit">#} {#</form>#} </body> </html>
运行结果如下图所示:
二、局部钩子和全局钩子
定义 Form 类:
app01/My_forms.py
from django import forms from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from app01 import models class EmpForm(forms.Form): name = forms.CharField(min_length=5, label="姓名", error_messages={"required": "该字段不能为空!", "min_length": "用户名太短。"}) age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄") salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="工资") r_salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="请再输入工资") def clean_name(self): # 局部钩子 val = self.cleaned_data.get("name") if val.isdigit(): raise ValidationError("用户名不能是纯数字") elif models.Emp.objects.filter(name=val): raise ValidationError("用户名已存在!") else: return val def clean(self): # 全局钩子 确认两次输入的工资是否一致。 val = self.cleaned_data.get("salary") r_val = self.cleaned_data.get("r_salary") if val == r_val: return self.cleaned_data else: raise ValidationError("请确认工资是否一致。")
views.py 文件代码:
app01/views.py
def add_emp(request): if request.method == "GET": form = EmpForm() # 初始化form对象 return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form":form}) else: form = EmpForm(request.POST) # 将数据传给form对象 if form.is_valid(): # 进行校验 data = form.cleaned_data data.pop("r_salary") models.Emp.objects.create(**data) return redirect("/index/") else: # 校验失败 clear_errors = form.errors.get("__all__") # 获取全局钩子错误信息 return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clear_errors": clear_errors})
模板文件代码如下:
app01/add_emp.html
<form action="" method="post" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <div> <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label> {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span> </div> <div> <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label> {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span> </div> <div> <label for="id_salary">工资</label> {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span> </div> <div> <label for="id_r_salary">请再输入工资</label> {{ form.r_salary }} <span>{{ form.r_salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span> </div> <input type="submit"> </form>
运行结果如下图所示: