一、概述

Django Form 组件用于对页面进行初始化,生成 HTML 标签,此外还可以对用户提交对数据进行校验(显示错误信息)。

报错信息显示顺序:

  • 先显示字段属性中的错误信息,然后再显示局部钩子的错误信息。
  • 若显示了字段属性的错误信息,就不会显示局部钩子的错误信息。
  • 若有全局钩子,则全局钩子是等所有的数据都校验完,才开始进行校验,并且全局钩子的错误信息一定会显示。

使用 Form 组件,需要先导入 forms:

from django import forms

Django(11):Django Form 组件_数据

接下来我们在 app01 目录下创建一个 My_forms.py:

from django import forms
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from app01 import models
class EmpForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField(min_length=4, label="姓名", error_messages={"min_length": "你太短了", "required": "该字段不能为空!"})
    age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄")
    salary = forms.DecimalField(label="工资")

字段属性:

  • label:输入框前面的文本信息。
  • error_message:自定义显示的错误信息,属性值是字典, 其中 required 为设置不能为空时显示的错误信息的 key。

app01/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
from app01.My_Forms import EmpForm
from app01 import models
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# Create your views here.
def add_emp(request):
if request.method == "GET":
        form = EmpForm()
return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form})
else:
        form = EmpForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():  # 进行数据校验
# 校验成功
            data = form.cleaned_data # 校验成功的值,会放在cleaned_data里。
            data.pop('r_salary')
print(data)
            models.Emp.objects.create(**data)
return HttpResponse(
'ok'
)
# return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form})
else:
print(form.errors) # 打印错误信息
            clean_errors = form.errors.get("__all__")
print(222, clean_errors)
return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clean_errors": clean_errors})

app01/urls.py 文件添加以下规则:

path('add_emp/', views.add_emp)

HTML 模版:

app01/add_emp.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
 
<h3>添加员工</h3>
 
{#1、自己手动写HTML页面#}
<form action="" method="post">
    <p>姓名:<input type="text" name="name"></p>
    <p>年龄:<input type="text" name="age"></p>
    <p>工资:<input type="text" name="salary"></p>
    <input type="submit">
</form>
 
{#2、通过form对象的as_p方法实现#}
{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}
{#    {% csrf_token %}#}
{#    {{ form.as_p }}#}
{#    <input type="submit">#}
{#</form>#}
 
{#3、手动获取form对象的字段#}
{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}
{#    {% csrf_token %}#}
{#    <div>#}
{#        <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label>#}
{#        {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{#    </div>#}
{#    <div>#}
{#        <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label>#}
{#        {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{#    </div>#}
{#    <div>#}
{#        <label for="id_salary">工资</label>#}
{#        {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{#    </div>#}
{#    <input type="submit">#}
{#</form>#}
 
 
{#4、用for循环展示所有字段#}
{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}
{#    {% csrf_token %}#}
{#    {% for field in form %}#}
{#        <div>#}
{#            <label for="id_{{ field.name }}">{{ field.label }}</label>#}
{#            {{ field }} <span>{{ field.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{#        </div>#}
{#    {% endfor %}#}
{#    <input type="submit">#}
{#</form>#}
 
</body>
</html>

运行结果如下图所示:

Django(11):Django Form 组件_错误信息_02

二、局部钩子和全局钩子

定义 Form 类:

app01/My_forms.py

from django import forms
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from app01 import models
class EmpForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField(min_length=5, label="姓名", error_messages={"required": "该字段不能为空!",
"min_length": "用户名太短。"})
    age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄")
    salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="工资")
    r_salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="请再输入工资")
def clean_name(self):  # 局部钩子
        val = self.cleaned_data.get("name")
if val.isdigit():
raise ValidationError("用户名不能是纯数字")
elif models.Emp.objects.filter(name=val):
raise ValidationError("用户名已存在!")
else:
return val
def clean(self):  # 全局钩子 确认两次输入的工资是否一致。
        val = self.cleaned_data.get("salary")
        r_val = self.cleaned_data.get("r_salary")
if val == r_val:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
raise ValidationError("请确认工资是否一致。")

views.py 文件代码:

app01/views.py

def add_emp(request):
if request.method == "GET":
        form = EmpForm() # 初始化form对象
return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form":form})
else:
        form = EmpForm(request.POST) # 将数据传给form对象
if form.is_valid():  # 进行校验
            data = form.cleaned_data
            data.pop("r_salary")
            models.Emp.objects.create(**data)
return redirect("/index/")
else:  # 校验失败
            clear_errors = form.errors.get("__all__") # 获取全局钩子错误信息
return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clear_errors": clear_errors})

模板文件代码如下:

app01/add_emp.html

<form action="" method="post" novalidate>
    {% csrf_token %}
    <div>
        <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label>
        {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label>
        {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span>
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="id_salary">工资</label>
        {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span>
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="id_r_salary">请再输入工资</label>
        {{ form.r_salary }} <span>{{ form.r_salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span>
    </div>
    <input type="submit">
</form>

运行结果如下图所示:

Django(11):Django Form 组件_django_03

Django(11):Django Form 组件_数据_04