Patch is just an ordered list of vertices (在tessellation shader里面比较重要的概念就是这个patch，patch是一系列的顶点，OpenGL规定patch的vertex数量必须至少大于等于3)
The tessellation process doesn’t operate on OpenGL’s classic geometric primitives: points, lines, and triangles, but uses a new primitive called a patch （Tessellation shader就是针对patch来进行处理的而并非点，县，三角形）
Patch – are processed by all of active shading stage in the pipeline （patch可被所有的shader处理）
Two shading stages of Tessellation shading:
1. Tessellation Control Shader (optional)
In tessellation control shader, gl_PatchVerticesIn provides the number of elements in gl_in （gl_in 用于在tessellation control shader里面访问传进的来patch里面的顶点）
gl_out 用于控制patch里面的vertex从tessellation control shader输出后的属性
gl_InvocationID is used to access the specific vertex of a patch (gl_InvocationID 用于访问传入patch里的特定顶点)
Layout (vertices = *) out; （用于指定输出的patch里面有多少个顶点）
gl_TessLevelInner
Specify how the interior of the domain is subdivided and stored in a two element array named gl_TessLevelInner（指定多边形内部如何细分）
gl_TessLevelOuter：
Control how the perimeter of the domain is subdivided, and is stored in an implicitly declared four-element array named gl_TessLevelOuter（指定多边形边界上的边被如何细分）
gl_TessLevelInner & gl_TessLevelOuter 根据多边形内部区域的类型会有不同的分割法
Tessellation Evaluation Shader (optional)
The TES is executed on allgenerated domain locations.Positions each of the vertices in the final mesh （TES是针对从tessellation control shader 里面通过细分生成的顶点来进行运算，通过gl_in和gl_VocationID来访问我们传入的patch的一系列顶点信息，结合gl_TessCoord访问我们生成的新顶点的纹理信息来计算新的坐标位置，从而实现细分多边形的效果）
layout (quads, equal_spacing, ccw) in; （指定新生成的多边形类型等信息）
glPatchParameteri() -- 告诉程序我们定义多少个顶点为一个patch
barrier() – .....
If you have additional per-vertex attribute values, either forinput or output, these need to be declared as either in or out arrays in your tessellation control shader （需要传入TCS额外的顶点信息，需要定义额外in & out array）
glPatchParameterfv() -- can be used to set the inner andouter-tessellation levels（可以用于指定inner和outer的数值，当然我们也可以在tessellation control shader里面通过gl_TessLevelInner & gl_TessLevelOuter直接指定）
三中不同类型的domain -- 会决定我们inner和outer的具体含义：
Quad Tessellation:
…..
Isoline Tessellation:
Use only two of the outer-tessellation levels to determine theamount of subdivision
…..
Triangle Tessellation:
Triangular domains use barycentric coordinates to specify theirTessellation coordinates
…..
最终渲染效果：
- Tessellation Shader" title="OpenGL - Tessellation Shader" height="291" width="452">
- Tessellation Shader" title="OpenGL - Tessellation Shader" height="318" width="448">
- Tessellation Shader" title="OpenGL - Tessellation Shader" height="291" width="455">
- Tessellation Shader" title="OpenGL - Tessellation Shader" height="298" width="444">
Main.cpp Source Code below:
#include
#include
#include
// TODO: 在此处引用程序需要的其他头文件
#include
#include "vgl.h"
#include "mat.h"
#include "LoadShaders.h"
#include "Shapes/Teapot.h"
using namespace std;
GLuint PM; // Projection matrix
GLuint MVM; // Model view matrix
GLuint InnerL; // Inner tessellation paramter
GLuint OuterL; // Outer tessellation paramter
GLfloat Inner = 1.0;
GLfloat Outer = 1.0;
#define SQUARE_VERTEX_NUMBER 4
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void init( void )
{
//create shader and link program first
ShaderInfo shaders[] = {
{ GL_VERTEX_SHADER, "square.vert" },
{ GL_TESS_CONTROL_SHADER, "square.cont" },
{ GL_TESS_EVALUATION_SHADER, "square.eval" },
{ GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, "square.frag" },
{ GL_NONE, NULL }
};
//Shader program
GLuint program;
//load shaders
program = LoadShaders(shaders);
//link shader program and use it
glUseProgram(program);
//vertex array
GLuint VA;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VA);
glBindVertexArray(VA);
//Vertex buffer
GLuint VB;
glGenBuffers(1, &VB);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VB);
//define square vertex data
const GLfloat square_vertex_data[SQUARE_VERTEX_NUMBER][2] = {
{ 1.0, 1.0 },
{ -1.0, 1.0},
{ -1.0, -1.0},
{ 1.0, -1.0}
};
//vertex buffer data
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(square_vertex_data), square_vertex_data, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
//Obtain vertex position in program
GLint vPostionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(program, "vPosition");
//Enable vertex attribute
glEnableVertexAttribArray( vPostionIndex );
//define an array of generic vertex attribute data for shader （让shader知道怎么去读取我们传入的vertex 信息）
glVertexAttribPointer(vPostionIndex, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
//Obtain uniform variable of program
PM = glGetUniformLocation(program, "PJ");
MVM = glGetUniformLocation(program, "MV");
InnerL = glGetUniformLocation(program, "inner");
OuterL = glGetUniformLocation(program, "outer");
//Set some default value for uniform variable
glUniform1f(InnerL, Inner);
glUniform1f(OuterL, Outer);
mat4 modelview = Translate( 0.0, 0.0, -2.0 ) * RotateX( -50.0 );
glUniformMatrix4fv( MVM, 1, GL_TRUE, modelview );
//Define how many vertices composed one patch （定义多少个vertices定义一个patch）
glPatchParameteri(GL_PATCH_VERTICES, 4);
//Enable some relative setting
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void display( void )
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glUniform1f(InnerL, Inner);
glUniform1f(OuterL, Outer);
glDrawArrays(GL_PATCHES, 0, SQUARE_VERTEX_NUMBER);
glutSwapBuffers();
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void reshape( int width, int height )
{
glViewport( 0, 0, width, height );
GLfloat aspect = GLfloat(width)/height;
mat4 projection = Perspective( 60.0, aspect, 1, 3 );
glUniformMatrix4fv( PM, 1, GL_TRUE, projection );
glutPostRedisplay();
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void keyboard( unsigned char key, int x, int y )
{
switch ( key ) {
case 'q': case 'Q': case 033 :
exit( EXIT_SUCCESS );
break;
case 'i':
Inner--;
if ( Inner < 1.0 ) Inner = 1.0;
glUniform1f( InnerL, Inner );
break;
case 'I':
Inner++;
if ( Inner > 64 ) Inner = 64.0;
glUniform1f( InnerL, Inner );
break;
case 'o':
Outer--;
if ( Outer < 1.0 ) Outer = 1.0;
glUniform1f( OuterL, Outer );
break;
case 'O':
Outer++;
if ( Outer > 64 ) Outer = 64.0;
glUniform1f( OuterL, Outer );
break;
case 'r':
Inner = 1.0;
Outer = 1.0;
glUniform1f( InnerL, Inner );
glUniform1f( OuterL, Outer );
break;
case 'm': {
static GLenum mode = GL_FILL;
mode = ( mode == GL_FILL ? GL_LINE : GL_FILL );
glPolygonMode( GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, mode );
} break;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE );
glutInitWindowSize( 512, 512 );
glutInitContextVersion( 3, 2 );
glutInitContextProfile( GLUT_CORE_PROFILE );
glutCreateWindow( "teapot" );
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE; //注意这里有个坑 -- 这一句很关键，不加这一句gl_GenVertexArray()会报错，好像说是GLEW对openGL的core context有一些问题
GLenum error = glewInit();
if( error != GLEW_OK )
{
cout<<"glewInit failed, aborting"<<endl;
}
if ( GLEW_ARB_vertex_array_object == NULL )
{
cout<<"GLEW_ARB_vertex_array_object = NULL"<<endl;
}
cout<<"Error info:"<<glGetError()<<endl;
init();
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutReshapeFunc( reshape );
glutKeyboardFunc( keyboard );
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
square.vert source code below:
#version 400 core
in vec4 vPosition;
void main()
{
//gl_Position is used to access the vertex position that is input from application
gl_Position = vPosition;
}
square.cont source code below:
#version 400 core
//The main purpose of tessellation control shader is:
//Generate the tessellation output patch vertices that are passed to the tessellation
//evaluation shader, as well as update any per-vertex
//Define how many vertices will be used as one patch
layout (vertices = 4) out;
//uniform type is used to define the variable that can be used to communicate between shader and application
uniform float inner;
uniform float outer;
void main()
{
//gl_TessLevelInner is used to define:
//how the interior of the domain is subdivided and stored in a two element array named
gl_TessLevelInner[0] = inner;
gl_TessLevelInner[1] = inner;
//gl_TessLevelOuter is used to define:
//how the perimeter of the domain is subdivided, and is stored in an
//implicitly declared four-element array
gl_TessLevelOuter[0] = outer;
gl_TessLevelOuter[1] = outer;
gl_TessLevelOuter[2] = outer;
gl_TessLevelOuter[3] = outer;
//gl_in is used to access the number of elements that are define by glPatchParameteri()
//glPatchParameteri() define how many vertices as a patch
//gl_out is used to access the output vertex position of tessellation control shader
//gl_in vertex shader structure below:
//in gl_PerVertex {
// vec4 gl_Position;
// float gl_PointSize;
// float gl_ClipDistance[]
//} gl_in[gl_PatchVerticesIn];
//gl_out vertex shader structure is similar to gl_in structure
//gl_InvocationID is used to access the specific vertex of a patch
gl_out[gl_InvocationID].gl_Position = gl_in[gl_InvocationID].gl_Position;
}
square.eval source code below:
#version 400 core
//The main purpose of tessellation evaluation shader is:
//configure the primitive generator, which is done using a layout directive
//Specifying the face winding for generated primitives
//(the order the vertices are issued determines the facedness of the primitive)
layout (quads, equal_spacing, ccw) in;
//The TES is executed on all generated domain locations.
//The bound tessellation evaluation shader is
//executed one for each tessellation coordinate that the primitive generator
//Tessellation Shaders emits, and is responsible for determining the position
//of the vertex derived from the tessellation coordinate.
uniform mat4 PJ;
uniform mat4 MV;
#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
float Hanning( vec2 p )
{
p -= 0.5; // map unit square to [-.5, .5]
float r = length( p );
r = cos( M_PI * r / 2.0 );
r *= r;
return r;
}
void main()
{
//gl_TessCoord is used to access the Tessellation coordinates that are
//generated by tessellation control shader
float u = gl_TessCoord.x;
float v = gl_TessCoord.y;
//use Tessellation coordinates to calculate position for new vertex that
//is generated by tessellation control shader
#define p(i) gl_in[i].gl_Position
vec4 pos = v*(u*p(0) + (1-u)*p(1)) + (1-v)*(u*p(3) + (1-u)*p(2));
pos.z = Hanning( gl_TessCoord.xy );
gl_Position = PJ * MV * pos;
}
square.frag source code below:
#version 400 core
out vec4 fColor;
void main()
{
fColor = (1 - gl_FragCoord.z) * vec4( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
}
总结：
tessellation shader是可选的shader，不是必须的
tessellation shader与vertex shader不一样，tessellationshader是针对patch（一系列顶点）来处理而不是一个顶点 （因为tessellation shader需要通过传入的patch（一系列顶点）来计算新顶点的位置信息）
tessellation control shader负责对patch的细分设定
tessellation evaluationshader负责对TCS细分出来的顶点进行位置等信息运算从而实现LOD（level of detail -- 根据与camera的距离不同而细分程度不同）等效果
Bezier曲线在这里是一种细分后位置的计算方法来实现曲面的平滑效果
tessellation shader有个重要的应用就是LOD(Level ofDetail)，通过在判断物体与视线的距离来设定tessellation control里面的factor level从而实现近细分多，远细分少的效果
还有一个应用叫displacement mapping，在tessellation evaluationshader里面通过tessellation coordinate的值来映射纹理（sample a texture）
