.net中的线程池ThreadPool
还有和数据库交互的连接池，比如SQL Server Connection Pooling (ADO.NET) https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/8xx3tyca.aspx
SQL Server Connection Pooling (ADO.NET)Connecting to a database server typically consists of several time-consuming steps. A physical channel such as a socket or a named pipe must be established, the initial handshake with the server must occur, the connection string information must be parsed, the connection must be authenticated by the server, checks must be run for enlisting in the current transaction, and so on.
handshake 握手
enlist 支持；从军；应募；赞助
transaction 交易；事务；办理；会报，学报
In practice, most applications use only one or a few different configurations for connections. This means that during application execution, many identical connections will be repeatedly opened and closed. To minimize the cost of opening connections, ADO.NET uses an optimization technique called connection pooling.
in practice 在实践中；实际上，事实上
identical 同一的；完全相同的
optimization 最佳化，最优化
Connection pooling reduces the number of times that new connections must be opened. The pooler maintains ownership of the physical connection. It manages connections by keeping alive a set of active connections for each given connection configuration. Whenever a user calls Open on a connection, the pooler looks for an available connection in the pool. If a pooled connection is available, it returns it to the caller instead of opening a new connection. When the application calls Close on the connection, the pooler returns it to the pooled set of active connections instead of closing it. Once the connection is returned to the pool, it is ready to be reused on the nextOpen call.
ownership 所有权；物主身份
Only connections with the same configuration can be pooled. ADO.NET keeps several pools at the same time, one for each configuration. Connections are separated into pools by connection string, and by Windows identity when integrated security is used. Connections are also pooled based on whether they are enlisted in a transaction. When using ChangePassword, the SqlCredential instance affects the connection pool. Different instances ofSqlCredential will use different connection pools, even if the user ID and password are the same.
credential 证书；凭据；国书
Pooling connections can significantly enhance the performance and scalability of your application. By default, connection pooling is enabled in ADO.NET. Unless you explicitly disable it, the pooler optimizes the connections as they are opened and closed in your application. You can also supply several connection string modifiers to control connection pooling behavior. For more information, see "Controlling Connection Pooling with Connection String Keywords" later in this topic.
scalability 可扩展性；可伸缩性；可量测性
Note:
When connection pooling is enabled, and if a timeout error or other login error occurs, an exception will be thrown and subsequent connection attempts will fail for the next five seconds, the "blocking period". If the application attempts to connect within the blocking period, the first exception will be thrown again. Subsequent failures after a blocking period ends will result in a new blocking periods that is twice as long as the previous blocking period, up to a maximum of one minute.
subsequent 后来的，随后的
Pool Creation and Assignment
When a connection is first opened, a connection pool is created based on an exact matching algorithm that associates the pool with the connection string in the connection. Each connection pool is associated with a distinct connection string. When a new connection is opened, if the connection string is not an exact match to an existing pool, a new pool is created. Connections are pooled per process, per application domain, per connection string and when integrated security is used, per Windows identity. Connection strings must also be an exact match; keywords supplied in a different order for the same connection will be pooled separately.
algorithm [计][数] 算法，运算法则
In the following C# example, three new SqlConnection objects are created, but only two connection pools are required to manage them. Note that the first and second connection strings differ by the value assigned for Initial Catalog.
using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection( "Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=Northwind")) { connection.Open(); // Pool A is created. } using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection( "Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=pubs")) { connection.Open(); // Pool B is created because the connection strings differ. //访问的数据库变化了 } using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection( "Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=Northwind")) { connection.Open(); // The connection string matches pool A. }
If MinPoolSize is either not specified in the connection string or is specified as zero, the connections in the pool will be closed after a period of inactivity. However, if the specified MinPoolSize is greater than zero, the connection pool is not destroyed until the AppDomain is unloaded and the process ends. Maintenance of inactive or empty pools involves minimal system overhead.
specified 规定的；详细说明的
maintenance 维护，维修；保持；生活费用
overhead 天花板；[会计] 经常费用
Note：
The pool is automatically cleared when a fatal error occurs, such as a failover.
failover 失效备援（为系统备援能力的一种，当系统中其中一项设备失效而无法运作时，另一项设备即可自动接手原失效系统所执行的工作）
Adding Connections
A connection pool is created for each unique connection string. When a pool is created, multiple connection objects are created and added to the pool so that the minimum pool size requirement is satisfied. Connections are added to the pool as needed, up to the maximum pool size specified (100 is the default). Connections are released back into the pool when they are closed or disposed.
When a SqlConnection object is requested, it is obtained from the pool if a usable connection is available. To be usable, a connection must be unused, have a matching transaction context or be unassociated with any transaction context, and have a valid link to the server.
obtain 获得；流行
The connection pooler satisfies requests for connections by reallocating connections as they are released back into the pool. If the maximum pool size has been reached and no usable connection is available, the request is queued. The pooler then tries to reclaim any connections until the time-out is reached (the default is 15 seconds). If the pooler cannot satisfy the request before the connection times out, an exception is thrown.
reclaim 开拓；回收再利用；改造某人，使某人悔改
Caution：
We strongly recommend that you always close the connection when you are finished using it so that the connection will be returned to the pool. You can do this using either the Close or Dispose methods of the Connectionobject, or by opening all connections inside a using statement in C#, or a Using statement in Visual Basic. Connections that are not explicitly closed might not be added or returned to the pool. For more information, seeusing Statement (C# Reference)
Note:
Do not call Close or Dispose on a Connection, a DataReader, or any other managed object in the Finalize method of your class. In a finalizer, only release unmanaged resources that your class owns directly. If your class does not own any unmanaged resources, do not include a Finalize method in your class definition. For more information, see Garbage Collection.
finalize 完成；使结束
finalizer 终结器；定稿人；终止化器
Note:
Login and logout events will not be raised on the server when a connection is fetched from or returned to the connection pool. This is because the connection is not actually closed when it is returned to the connection pool. For more information, see Audit Login Event Class and Audit Logout Event Class in SQL Server Books Online.
audit 审计；[审计] 查帐
Removing Connections
The connection pooler removes a connection from the pool after it has been idle for approximately 4-8 minutes, or if the pooler detects that the connection with the server has been severed. Note that a severed connection can be detected only after attempting to communicate with the server. If a connection is found that is no longer connected to the server, it is marked as invalid. Invalid connections are removed from the connection pool only when they are closed or reclaimed.
idle 闲置的；懒惰的；停顿的
approximately 大约，近似地；近于
If a connection exists to a server that has disappeared, this connection can be drawn from the pool even if the connection pooler has not detected the severed connection and marked it as invalid. This is the case because the overhead of checking that the connection is still valid would eliminate the benefits of having a pooler by causing another round trip to the server to occur. When this occurs, the first attempt to use the connection will detect that the connection has been severed, and an exception is thrown.
drawn from 从…中得到；从…提取
eliminate 消除；排除
round trip 往返旅行；环程旅行；大团圆
Clearing the Pool
ADO.NET 2.0 introduced two new methods to clear the pool: ClearAllPools and ClearPool. ClearAllPools clears the connection pools for a given provider, and ClearPool clears the connection pool that is associated with a specific connection. If there are connections being used at the time of the call, they are marked appropriately. When they are closed, they are discarded instead of being returned to the pool.
at the time of 在…的时候
appropriately 适当地；合适的；相称地
discard 抛弃；放弃；丢弃
Transaction Support
Connections are drawn from the pool and assigned based on transaction context. Unless Enlist=false is specified in the connection string, the connection pool makes sure that the connection is enlisted in the Current context. When a connection is closed and returned to the pool with an enlisted System.Transactions transaction, it is set aside in such a way that the next request for that connection pool with the same System.Transactions transaction will return the same connection if it is available. If such a request is issued, and there are no pooled connections available, a connection is drawn from the non-transacted part of the pool and enlisted. If no connections are available in either area of the pool, a new connection is created and enlisted.
set aside 留出；驳回，撤销；不顾
non-transacted 非事务处理
When a connection is closed, it is released back into the pool and into the appropriate subdivision based on its transaction context. Therefore, you can close the connection without generating an error, even though a distributed transaction is still pending. This allows you to commit or abort the distributed transaction later.
subdivision 细分；分部；供出卖而分成的小块土地
Controlling Connection Pooling With Connection String Keywords
The ConnectionString property of the SqlConnection object supports connection string key/value pairs that can be used to adjust the behavior of the connection pooling logic. For more information, see ConnectionString.
