在Oracle 12c中，分CDB 和PDB，他们的启动和关闭操作整理如下。
1 Container Database (CDB)
对于CDB，启动和关闭与之前传统的方式一样，具体语法如下：
STARTUP[NOMOUNT | MOUNT | RESTRICT | UPGRADE | FORCE | READ ONLY]
SHUTDOWN[IMMEDIATE | ABORT]
要注意，在12c数据库创建完成后，默认情况下使用sqlplus / as sysdba 登录连接的是CDB。
[oracle@Ora12c~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus:Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production on Thu Apr 24 17:50:34 2014
Copyright(c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rightsreserved.
Connectedto:
OracleDatabase 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
Withthe Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options
SQL>show con_name
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL>
SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------
2 4088301206 F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE
我们现在连接的是CDB，即root container。
我们关闭CDB：
SQL>shutdown immediate
Databaseclosed.
Databasedismounted.
ORACLEinstance shut down.
我们关闭CDB之前PDB 是没有关闭的，所以这个操作也会把PDB 关闭掉。
SQL>startup
ORACLEinstance started.
TotalSystem Global Area 1269366784 bytes
FixedSize 2287912 bytes
VariableSize 788530904 bytes
DatabaseBuffers 469762048 bytes
RedoBuffers 8785920 bytes
Databasemounted.
Databaseopened.
SQL> select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_modefrom v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA MOUNTED
注意这里的PDB，在CDB 启动之，PDB 是自动启动到mount状态，而不是OPEN。 所以我们还需要手工去open它，当然，也可以通过在CDB中配置触发器来自动open。
2 Pluggable Database (PDB)
PDB 的操作可以通过SQL*PLUS 来操作，也可以通过ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE 命令操作。
2.1 使用SQL*Plus 命令
因为默认连接的是CDB,所以必须先指定PDB才可以通过sqlplus来启动和关闭PDB，
具体语法和普通实例一样：
STARTUPFORCE;
STARTUPOPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICT];
STARTUPOPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICT];
STARTUPUPGRADE;
SHUTDOWN[IMMEDIATE];
SQL>show con_name
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL>selectcon_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA MOUNTED
注意这里是mount，表示PDB 是关闭的。
--指定PDB 数据库：
SQL>alter session set container=pdbcndba;
Sessionaltered.
SQL>startup
PluggableDatabase opened.
SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE
SQL>
启动成功。 当我们切换到PDB之后，就看不到seed PDB的信息了。
2.2 使用ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE命令
如果在PDB中可以使用如下语法：
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN UPGRADE [RESTRICTED];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE [IMMEDIATE];
如果是在CDB中，可以使用如下语法：
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICTED][FORCE];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN UPGRADE [RESTRICTED];
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> CLOSE [IMMEDIATE];
<pdd-name-clause>表示的是多个PDB，如果有多个，用逗号分开。 也可以使用ALL或者ALL EXCEPT关键字来替代。
ALL：表示所有的PDBS。
ALLEXCEPT 表示需要排除的PDBS。
如：
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN;
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE IMMEDIATE;
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 OPEN;
ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;
示例：
SQL>alter session set container=CDB$ROOT;
Sessionaltered.
SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE
SQL>ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE ;
Pluggabledatabase altered.
SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787PDBCNDBA MOUNTED
SQL>alter session set container=pdbcndba;
Sessionaltered.
SQL>ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN;
Pluggabledatabase altered.
SQL> select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_modefrom v$pdbs;
CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787PDBCNDBA READ WRITE
3 设置Pluggable Database (PDB) 的自动startup
默认情况下，在CDB 启动的时候，all 的PDB 都是mount状态，也没有默认的机制，在CDB启动时自动启动PDB。
但这里可以通过触发器来实现PDB的自动open：
CREATEOR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs
AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTERPLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';
END open_pdbs;
/
示例：
SQL>show con_name
CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDBCNDBA
SQL>alter session set container=CDB$ROOT;
Sessionaltered.
SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs
2 AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE
3 BEGIN
4 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';
5 ENDopen_pdbs;
6 /
Triggercreated.
