1.is VS id() VS ==
2.小数据池、代码块缓存机制
3.赋值符号= VS 浅拷贝 VS 深拷贝
4.文件操作
4.1文件操作流程
1 #1. 打开文件，得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
2 f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') #默认打开模式就为r
3
4 #2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
5 data=f.read()
6
7 #3. 关闭文件
8 f.close()关闭文件注意事项，推荐with语法
1 打开一个文件包含两部分资源：操作系统级打开的文件+应用程序的变量。在操作完毕一个文件时，必须把与该文件的这两部分资源一个不落地回收，回收方法为：
2 1、f.close() #回收操作系统级打开的文件
3 2、del f #回收应用程序级的变量
4
5 其中del f一定要发生在f.close()之后，否则就会导致操作系统打开的文件还没有关闭，白白占用资源，
6 而python自动的垃圾回收机制决定了我们无需考虑del f，这就要求我们，在操作完毕文件后，一定要记住f.close()
7
8 虽然我这么说，但是很多同学还是会很不要脸地忘记f.close(),对于这些不长脑子的同学，我们推荐傻瓜式操作方式：使用with关键字来帮我们管理上下文
9 with open('a.txt','w') as f:
10 pass
11
12 with open('a.txt','r') as read_f,open('b.txt','w') as write_f:
13 data=read_f.read()
14 write_f.write(data)
15
16 注意4.2最好指定文件打开的编码方式
f=open(...)是由操作系统打开文件，那么如果我们没有为open指定编码，那么打开文件的默认编码很明显是操作系统说了算了，操作系统会用自己的默认编码去打开文件，在windows下是gbk，在linux下是utf-8。
1 #这就用到了上节课讲的字符编码的知识：若要保证不乱码，文件以什么方式存的，就要以什么方式打开。
2 f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')
4.3文件打开的模式
1 #1. 打开文件的模式有(默认为文本模式)：
2 r ，只读模式【默认模式，文件必须存在，不存在则抛出异常】
3 w，只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则清空内容】
4 a， 只追加写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容】
5
6 #2. 对于非文本文件，我们只能使用b模式，"b"表示以字节的方式操作（而所有文件也都是以字节的形式存储的，使用这种模式无需考虑文本文件的字符编码、图片文件的jgp格式、视频文件的avi格式）
7 rb
8 wb
9 ab
10 注：以b方式打开时，读取到的内容是字节类型，写入时也需要提供字节类型，不能指定编码
11
12 #3,‘+’模式（就是增加了一个功能）
13 r+， 读写【可读，可写】
14 w+，写读【可写，可读】
15 a+， 写读【可写，可读】
16
17 #4，以bytes类型操作的读写，写读，写读模式
18 r+b， 读写【可读，可写】
19 w+b，写读【可写，可读】
20 a+b， 写读【可写，可读】
4.4文件的操作方法
read（3）：
1. 文件打开方式为文本模式时，代表读取3个字符
2. 文件打开方式为b模式时，代表读取3个字节
其余的文件内光标移动都是以字节为单位的如：seek，tell，truncate
注意：
1. seek有三种移动方式0，1，2，其中1和2必须在b模式下进行，但无论哪种模式，都是以bytes为单位移动的
2. truncate是截断文件，所以文件的打开方式必须可写，但是不能用w或w+等方式打开，因为那样直接清空文件了，所以truncate要在r+或a或a+等模式下测试效果。
4.5所有操作方法
1 class file(object)
2 def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
3 关闭文件
4 """
5 close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file.
6
7 Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for
8 further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without
9 error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
10 may return an exit status upon closing.
11 """
12
13 def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
14 文件描述符
15 """
16 fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".
17
18 This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().
19 """
20 return 0
21
22 def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
23 刷新文件内部缓冲区
24 """ flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. """
25 pass
26
27
28 def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
29 判断文件是否是同意tty设备
30 """ isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. """
31 return False
32
33
34 def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
35 获取下一行数据，不存在，则报错
36 """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """
37 pass
38
39 def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
40 读取指定字节数据
41 """
42 read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
43
44 If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
45 Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
46 may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.
47 """
48 pass
49
50 def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
51 读取到缓冲区，不要用，将被遗弃
52 """ readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. """
53 pass
54
55 def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
56 仅读取一行数据
57 """
58 readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
59
60 Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
61 number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
62 Return an empty string at EOF.
63 """
64 pass
65
66 def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
67 读取所有数据，并根据换行保存值列表
68 """
69 readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
70
71 Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
72 The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
73 total number of bytes in the lines returned.
74 """
75 return []
76
77 def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
78 指定文件中指针位置
79 """
80 seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position.
81
82 Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
83 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
84 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
85 relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
86 seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode,
87 only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes
88 undefined behavior.
89 Note that not all file objects are seekable.
90 """
91 pass
92
93 def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
94 获取当前指针位置
95 """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """
96 pass
97
98 def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
99 截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据
100 """
101 truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
102
103 Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
104 """
105 pass
106
107 def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
108 写内容
109 """
110 write(str) -> None. Write string str to file.
111
112 Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
113 the file on disk reflects the data written.
114 """
115 pass
116
117 def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
118 将一个字符串列表写入文件
119 """
120 writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file.
121
122 Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object
123 producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.
124 """
125 pass
126
127 def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
128 可用于逐行读取文件，非全部
129 """
130 xreadlines() -> returns self.
131
132 For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance
133 optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.
134 """
135 pass
136
137 2.x
138
139 2.x
1 class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):
2 """
3 Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
4
5 encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
6 decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).
7
8 errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
9 help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
10 defaults to "strict".
11
12 newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
13 '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as follows:
14
15 * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
16 enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
17 these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
18 caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
19 endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
20 the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
21 string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
22
23 * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
24 translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
25 newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
26 of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
27 to the given string.
28
29 If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
30 write contains a newline character.
31 """
32 def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
33 关闭文件
34 pass
35
36 def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
37 文件描述符
38 pass
39
40 def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
41 刷新文件内部缓冲区
42 pass
43
44 def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
45 判断文件是否是同意tty设备
46 pass
47
48 def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
49 读取指定字节数据
50 pass
51
52 def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
53 是否可读
54 pass
55
56 def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
57 仅读取一行数据
58 pass
59
60 def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
61 指定文件中指针位置
62 pass
63
64 def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
65 指针是否可操作
66 pass
67
68 def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
69 获取指针位置
70 pass
71
72 def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
73 截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据
74 pass
75
76 def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
77 是否可写
78 pass
79
80 def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
81 写内容
82 pass
83
84 def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
85 pass
86
87 def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
88 pass
89
90 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
91 def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
92 """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
93 pass
94
95 def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
96 """ Implement next(self). """
97 pass
98
99 def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
100 """ Return repr(self). """
101 pass
102
103 buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
104
105 closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
106
107 encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
108
109 errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
110
111 line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
112
113 name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
114
115 newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
116
117 _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
118
119 _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
120
121 3.x
4.6文件的修改
文件的数据是存放于硬盘上的，因而只存在覆盖、不存在修改这么一说，我们平时看到的修改文件，都是模拟出来的效果，具体的说有两种实现方式：
方式一：将硬盘存放的该文件的内容全部加载到内存，在内存中是可以修改的，修改完毕后，再由内存覆盖到硬盘（word，vim，nodpad++等编辑器）
1 import os # 调用系统模块
2
3 with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
4 data=read_f.read() #全部读入内存,如果文件很大,会很卡
5 data=data.replace('alex','SB') #在内存中完成修改
6
7 write_f.write(data) #一次性写入新文件
8
9 os.remove('a.txt') #删除原文件
10 os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt') #将新建的文件重命名为原文件
方式二：将硬盘存放的该文件的内容一行一行地读入内存，修改完毕就写入新文件，最后用新文件覆盖源文件
1 import os
2
3 with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
4 for line in read_f:
5 line=line.replace('alex','SB')
6 write_f.write(line)
7
8 os.remove('a.txt')
9 os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt')
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