Rust
文章目录
- Rust
- 开发环境搭建
- 在线模式
- 离线模式
- 引入自定义第三方库
- 通用编程概念
- Hello
- 注释
- 印屏
- Display
- 变量
- 变量可变性
- 不可变变量与常量
- 变量冻结
- 延迟绑定
- 变量隐藏
- 数据类型
- 基本数据类型
- 类型别名
- 简单类型转换
- From和into
- String
- Array
- Tuple
- Struct
- Tuple Struct
- 函数与表达式
- 条件语句
- 循环语句
- 所有权
- 内存位置
- 引用位置
- 字符串位置
- 默认分配位置
- 所有权转移
- 引用与借用
- 可变引用
- 悬垂引用（Dangling References）
- 裸指针
- 切片（Slice）
- 引用生命周期
- &、ref、*
- 自动解引用
- 模式匹配
- 匹配数字
- 枚举类型
- C Like
- Rust Style
- Option
- if let
- 错误处理
- panic!
- Result
- 错误判断
- 错误类型
- 简化Result展开
- 传播错误
- 泛型与特性
- 实现（Implementation）
- 特性（Trait）
- 特性组合
- 运算符重载
- 特性实现重叠
- 泛型（Generic）
- 模拟重载（Overload）
- 多态
- Collection
- Vector
- HashMap
- IO
- 命令行
- 命令行参数
- 命令行输入
- 读取环境变量
- 读写文件
- 文件写入
- 文件读取
- 函数式编程
- Closure
- Lambda表达式
- 所有权捕获
- Iterator
- 消费迭代器
- 自定义迭代器
- 智能指针
- 指针类型
- Box
- Rc
- Cell&RefCell
- Weak
- 递归类型
- Deref
- Drop
- Module
- 单文件
- 多文件
- Macro
- unsafe
- Thread
- join
- channel
- Mutex & Arc
- Sync & Send
- Socket
- Tcp
- UdpBroadcast
开发环境搭建
：Windows下确保已完成MinGW-w64（推荐使用MingW-W64-builds）的安装；
在线模式
：下载Rustup安装程序；
：打开命令窗口输入以下命令：
@REM SET CARGO_HOME=
@REM SET RUSTUP_HOME=
SET RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/rust-static
SET RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/rust-static/rustup
.\rustup-init.exe：提示缺少Microsoft C++ build tools，回车继续；
If you will be targeting the GNU ABI or otherwise know what you are
doing then it is fine to continue installation without the build
tools, but otherwise, install the C++ build tools before proceeding.
Continue? (Y/n) Y：自定义安装信息：
1) Proceed with installation (default)
2) Customize installation
3) Cancel installation
>2：配置default host triple，其它选择直接回车使用默认：
Default host triple?
x86_64-pc-windows-gnu最终配置如下：
default host triple: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
default toolchain: stable
profile: default
modify PATH variable: yes：继续安装等待安装完成：
1) Proceed with installation (default)
2) Customize installation
3) Cancel installation
>1离线模式
- x86_64-windows:
x86_64-pc-windows-gnu - x86_64-linux:
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu - aarch:
aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
修改配置：
# Linux
vim ~/.cargo/config.tomlREM Windows
notepad %USERPROFILE%\.cargo\config.toml引入自定义第三方库
Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
libname = { path = "..." }通用编程概念
Hello
fn main() {
println!("hello world!");
}注释
// Line comments which go to the end of the line.
/* Block comments which go to the closing delimiter. */// Doc comments which are parsed into HTML library documentation:
/// Generate library docs for the following item.
//! Generate library docs for the enclosing item.印屏
// 一行
print!("line\n");
println!("line");
// 输出{}
println!("{{}}");
// 输出\
println!("\\");说明 | |
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#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)] // This make it printable by {:?}.
struct Student {
id: i64,
name: String,
age: i32,
gender: bool,
}
let student = Student {
id: 9955845621,
name: String::from("Peter"),
age: 0x1a,
gender: false,
};
println!("Hello {}!", student.name);
println!("{0}'s name is {0}.", student.name);
println!("{yourname}'s name is {yourname}.", yourname = student.name);
println!("{0}'s id is {1}.", student.name, student.id);
println!("{0}'s id is {1:e}.", student.name, student.id);
println!("{0}'s id is {1:E}.", student.name, student.id);
println!("{0} is {1} years old.", student.name, student.age);
println!("{0} is 0b{1:b} years old.", student.name, student.age);
println!("{0} is 0o{1:o} years old.", student.name, student.age);
println!("{0} is 0x{1:x} years old.", student.name, student.age);
println!("{0} is 0X{1:X} years old.", student.name, student.age);
println!("Student Pointer @{:p}!", &student);
println!("Student Debug {:?}!", student);Display
use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
struct Point {
x: f32,
y: f32,
}
// 自定义结构体打印方式
impl Display for Point {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "Display for Point(x={}, y={})", self.x, self.y)
}
}
let p = Point { x: 0.1, y: 0.2 };
println!("{}", p);
// Display for Point(x=0.1, y=0.2)变量
变量可变性
let x = 5;
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
x = 6; // Error: cannot assign twice to immutable variable
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);let mut x = 5;
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
x = 6; // It's ok!
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);不可变变量与常量
- 声明常量时，必须注明值的类型。
- 常量可以在任何作用域声明，包括全局作用域。
- 常量不能作为函数调用的结果。
const PI: f32 = 3.1415926; // It's ok
const PI_2: f32 = PI / 2.0; // It's okfn get_pi() -> f32 { 3.1415926 }
let pi = get_pi(); // It's ok
const PI: f32 = get_pi(); // Error: cannot call non-const fn in constants变量冻结
let mut freezing = 666;
println!("freezing = {}", freezing);
{
#[allow(unused_variables)]
let freezing = freezing;
freezing = 555; //Error: cannot assign twice to immutable variable
}
println!("freezing = {}", freezing);
freezing = 999;
println!("freezing = {}", freezing);延迟绑定
let x;
x = 5; // It's ok!
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
x = 6; // Error: cannot assign twice to immutable variable
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);变量隐藏
// Shadowing
let x = 5;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
let x = x + 1;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
let x = x * 2;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
// The address of x is: @0xa7faac
// The address of x is: @0xa7fafc
// The address of x is: @0xa7fb4clet mut x = 5;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
x = x + 1;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
x = x * 2;
println!("The address of x is: @{:p}", &x);
// The address of x is: @0xa7faac
// The address of x is: @0xa7faac
// The address of x is: @0xa7faac数据类型
基本数据类型
let _: i8;
let _: u8 = b'A';
let _: u8 = 0b1111_0000; // 下划线起注释作用
let _: i16;
let _: u16;
let _: i32;
let _: u32;
let _: i64 = 98_222; // 下划线起注释作用
let _: u64;
let _: i128;
let _: u128;
let _: isize; // 取决于操作系统位数
let _: usize; // 取决于操作系统位数
let _: f32;
let _: f64;
let _: char;
let _: bool; // true | false
println!("size(char) = {}", std::mem::size_of_val(&'A'));
println!("size(bool) = {}", std::mem::size_of_val(&true));
// size(char) = 4
// size(bool) = 1类型别名
#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
type uint64_t = u64;
#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
type uint32_t = u32;
let x = 0 as uint32_t;
let y = 0 as uint64_t;
println!("size(uint32_t) = {}", std::mem::size_of_val(&x));
println!("size(uint64_t) = {}", std::mem::size_of_val(&y));
// size(uint32_t) = 4
// size(uint64_t) = 8简单类型转换
const NPI: f64 = -3.1415926535897f64; // Literal
println!("NPI as f64 = {}", NPI);
println!("NPI as f32 = {}", NPI as f32);
println!("NPI as i32 = {}", NPI as i32);
println!("NPI as u32 = {}", NPI as u32);
// NPI as f64 = -3.1415926535897
// NPI as f32 = -3.1415927
// NPI as i32 = -3
// NPI as u32 = 0From和into
自定义复合类型的转换方式。
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Number {
value: i32,
}
impl From<i32> for Number {
fn from(item: i32) -> Self {
Number { value: item }
}
}
// let num = Number::from(1111);
// ↑↓ 等效
let num: Number = 1111.into(); // 必须指定类型
println!("num = {:?}", num);String
let s1: &str = "hello";
let s2: &str = s1;
println!("s1 = {:p}", s1);
println!("s2 = {:p}", s2);
// s1 = 0x4ba030
// s2 = 0x4ba030
let s11: String = String::from(s1);
let s12: String = String::from(s1);
println!("s11 = {:p}", &s11);
println!("s12 = {:p}", &s12);
// s11 = 0xa8fac8
// s12 = 0xa8fae0Array
let arr: [i32; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
println!("len = {}", arr.len());
println!("arr = {:?}", arr);
println!("arr[0] = {}", &arr[0]);
// len = 5
// arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
// arr[0] = 1
let arr: [i32; 10] = [0; 10]; // 10个0
println!("len = {}", arr.len());
println!("arr = {:?}", arr);
println!("arr[0] = {}", &arr[0]);
// len = 10
// arr = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
// arr[0] = 0Array长度固定，Vector可动态扩容。
let mut v = vec![0, 1, 2];
v.push(3);
let a = [0, 1, 2];
// a.push(3); // Error: method not found
println!("{}, v = {:?}", v.len(), v);
println!("{}, a = {:?}", a.len(), a);
// 4, v = [0, 1, 2, 3]
// 3, a = [0, 1, 2]
// [v -> a]
// 可通过迭代拷贝实现，但长度必须事先确定
// [a -> v]
// let v2: Vec<i32> = a.into();
// ↑↓ 等效
// let v2 = Vec::from(a);
// ↑↓ 等效
let v2 = a.to_vec();
println!("{}, v2 = {:?}", v2.len(), v2);
// 3, v2 = [0, 1, 2]Tuple
let tup: (i32, f32, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);
println!("tup = {:?}", tup);
// tup = (500, 6.4, 1)
println!("The value of x is: {}", tup.0);
// The value of x is: 500
// Destructure
let (_, y, _) = tup;
println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
// The value of y is: 6.4Struct
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point {
x: f32,
y: f32,
}
// 一般创建
let point1 = Point { x: 10.3, y: 0.4 };
// 复用旧结构体
let point2 = Point { y: 6.18, ..point1 };
// 同名略写
let x = 32f32;
let y = 45f32;
let point3 = Point { x, y };
println!("point1 = {:?}", point1);
println!("point2 = {:?}", point2);
println!("point3 = {:?}", point3);
// point1 = Point { x: 10.3, y: 0.4 }
// point2 = Point { x: 10.3, y: 6.18 }
// point3 = Point { x: 32.0, y: 45.0 }Tuple Struct
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Color(u8, u8, u8);
let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
println!("black = {:?}", black);
println!("black.0 = {}", black.0);
// black = Color(0, 0, 0)
// black.0 = 0函数与表达式
// 表达式
let x = { let y = 0; y + 1 };
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
// The value of x is: 1
// 语句
let x = { let y = 0; y + 1; };
// println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
// Error: `()` cannot be formatted with the default formatter// 一般函数
fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
return a + b;
}
println!("add(1, 2) = {}", add(1, 2));
// 省略return
fn mul(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
a * b
}
println!("mul(2, 3) = {}", mul(2, 3));条件语句
- 条件必须是布尔值。
- 大括号不可省。
if false {
} else if false {
} else {
}
// 三元表达式
let r = if true { 1 } else { 0 };
println!("r = {}", r);循环语句
while false {
continue;
}// 默认无限循环
loop {
break;
}// 遍历范围 [1, 3)
for i in 1..3 {
println!("{}", i);
}
// 遍历范围 [1, 3]
for i in 1..=3 {
println!("{}", i);
}
// 遍历列表
let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
for i in 0..5 {
println!("a[{}] = {}", i, a[i]);
}
// 遍历对象列表
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Color {
r: u8,
g: u8,
b: u8,
}
let arr = [
Color { r: 128, g: 255, b: 90 },
Color { r: 0, g: 3, b: 254 },
Color { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 },
];
for color in arr.iter() {
println!("{:?}", color);
}所有权
内存位置
引用位置
let x = 6;
let r = &x;+–––––––+
│ │
+–––+–V–+–––+–│–+–––+
stack frame │ │ 6 │ │ • │ │
+–––+–––+–––+–––+–––+
[–––] [–––]
x r字符串位置
let s: &str = "Rust";s
[–––––––]
+–––+–––+–––+
stack frame │ • │ 4 │ │
+–│–+–––+–––+
│
│
│
preallocated +–V–+–––+–––+–––+
read-only │ R │ u │ s │ t │
memory +–––+–––+–––+–––+let s: String = String::from("Rust");
let l: &str = &s[2..];
let r: &String = &s;
println!("The pointer of s is: {:p}", s.as_bytes()); // heap
println!("The pointer of l is: {:p}", l); // heap
// The pointer of s is: 0xb67990
// The pointer of l is: 0xb67992
println!("The pointer of &s is: {:p}", &s); // stack
println!("The pointer of &l is: {:p}", &l); // stack
println!("The pointer of r is: {:p}", r); // stack
println!("The pointer of &r is: {:p}", &r); // stack
// The pointer of &s is: 0xa8f9a8
// The pointer of &l is: 0xa8f9c0
// The pointer of r is: 0xa8f9a8
// The pointer of &r is: 0xa8f9d8+-------------------–––––-––+
| s l |
[–|–––––––––] [–––––––] |
+–V–+–––+–––+–––+–––+–––+–––+–│–+–––+
stack frame │ • │ 4 │ 4 │ │ • │ 2 │ │ • │ │
+–│–+–––+–––+–––+–│–+–––+–––+–––+–––+
│ │ [---]
│ +-------+ r
│ │
│ │
│ [–|–––––]
+–V–+–––+–V–+–––+
heap │ R │ u │ s │ t │
+–––+–––+–––+–––+默认分配位置
默认分配在栈上的内容：整数类型、浮点数类型、布尔类型、仅包含以上类型的元组。
// 实现了Copy trait: 储存在栈上
let x: i32 = 12;
let y = x.clone(); // 值拷贝
let z = x; // 值拷贝（等效于上一条语句）
println!("The value of z is: {}", z); // It's ok
println!("The value of y is: {}", y); // It's ok
println!("The value of x is: {}", x); // It's ok// 实现了Drop trait: 储存在堆上
let s1: String = String::from("sss");
let s2 = s1.clone(); // 深拷贝
let s3 = s1; // 移动（之后s1不再可用）
println!("The value of s3 is: {}", s3); // It's ok
println!("The value of s2 is: {}", s2); // It's ok
println!("The value of s1 is: {}", s1); // Error: value borrowed here after move所有权转移
- 每个值都有且仅有一个所有者。
- 当所有者离开作用域时，变量会被回收。
fn makes_copy(xx: i32) {
println!("The value of xx is: {}", xx);
}
fn takes_reference(sr: &String) {
println!("The value of sr is: {}", sr);
}
fn takes_ownership(ss: String) {
println!("The value of ss is: {}", ss);
}
let x = 32;
let s = String::from("hello");
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
println!("The value of s is: {}", s);
makes_copy(x); // 值拷贝
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
takes_reference(&s); // 引用浅拷贝
println!("The value of s is: {}", s);
takes_ownership(s); // 所有权转移（移动）
println!("The value of s is: {}", s); // value borrowed here after move引用与借用
获取值的引用，但不获取其所有权称为借用（borrowing）。
fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize {
s.len()
}
let s = String::from("hello");
let l = calculate_length(&s);
println!("length = {}", l);
// length = 5可变引用
fn push_world(rs: &mut String) {
rs.push_str(" world");
}
let mut s = String::from("hello");
push_world(&mut s);
println!("{}", s);可变引用不能被连续借用：
let mut s = String::from("hello");
let r1 = &mut s; // It's ok
let r2 = &mut s; // Error: cannot borrow `s` as mutable more than once at a time
println!("{}", r1);
println!("{}", r2);不能在混合借用可变与不可变引用：
let mut s = String::from("hello");
let r1 = &s; // It's ok
let r2 = &s; // It's ok
let r3 = &mut s; // Error: cannot borrow `s` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable
println!("{}", r1);
println!("{}", r2);
println!("{}", r3);悬垂引用（Dangling References）
编译器可以确保数据引用不离开其作用域。
fn dangle() -> &String { // Error: expected named lifetime parameter
let s = String::from("hello");
&s // 悬垂指针（dangling pointer）
}裸指针
- 允许忽略借用规则，可以同时拥有不可变和可变的指针，或多个指向相同位置的可变指针
- 不保证指向有效的内存
- 允许为空
- 不能实现任何自动清理功能
let mut num = 5;
let r1 = &num as *const i32;
let r2 = &mut num as *mut i32;
unsafe {
// 仅能在 unsafe 中解裸指针
println!("{}", *r1);
println!("{}", *r2);
}切片（Slice）
切片是一种不完整的引用，类似于SQL中的视图。
let s = "0123456789A";
let l = s.len();
let all_view: &str = &s[..];
let get_left_3 = &s[..3];
let del_left_3 = &s[3..];
let get_3_6 = &s[3..6];
let get_right_3 = &s[l - 3..];
let del_right_3 = &s[..l - 3];
println!("all_view = {}", all_view);
println!("get_left_3 = {}", get_left_3);
println!("del_left_3 = {}", del_left_3);
println!("get_3_6 = {}", get_3_6);
println!("get_right_3 = {}", get_right_3);
println!("del_right_3 = {}", del_right_3);
// all_view = 0123456789A
// get_left_3 = 012
// del_left_3 = 3456789A
// get_3_6 = 345
// get_right_3 = 89A
// del_right_3 = 01234567引用生命周期
{
let a: &i32; // -------+-- 'a
// |
{ // |
let b: i32 = 5; // -+-----+-- 'b
a = &b; // | |
} // -+ |
// |
println!("a: {}", a); // |
} // -------+
// Error: borrowed value does not live long enough
// lifetime(b) < lifetime(a){
let b: i32 = 5; // -----+-- 'b
// |
let a: &i32 = &b; // --+--+-- 'a
// | |
println!("a: {}", a); // | |
// --+ |
} // -----+
// lifetime(b) > lifetime(a)生命周期注解语法：
&i32 // a reference
&'a i32 // a reference with an explicit lifetime
&'a mut i32 // a mutable reference with an explicit lifetime// a : 拥有确切的生命周期
// x,y : 需要与 a 的生命周期一样久
fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
if x.len() > y.len() {
x
} else {
y
}
}&、ref、*
let mut val: i32 = 111;
let a = &mut val;
*a = 222;
println!("{}", val);
// 222
let ref mut b = val;
*b = 333;
println!("{}", val);
// 333// 仅能用 & 的情况
fn only_and() {
fn test(val: &mut i32) {
*val = 999;
}
let mut x: i32 = 0;
test(&mut x);
println!("x = {}", x);
// 999
}
// 仅能用 ref 的情况
fn only_ref() {
let s = Some(String::from("Hello!"));
// match &s { // 此处借用s
// Some(r) => println!("r = {}", r),
// None => println!("None"),
// }
// ↑↓ 等价
match s {
// 此处没有机会声明变量类型
// 只能用 ref 表示变量 r 是个指针。
Some(ref r) => println!("r = {}", r),
None => println!("None"),
}
println!("s = {}", s.unwrap());
}自动解引用
let a: &i32 = &123;
let b: &&i32 = &a;
let c: &&&i32 = &b;
println!("a = {}, b = {}, c = {}", a, b, c);
println!("*a = {}, **b = {}, ***c = {}", *a, **b, ***c);
// a = 123, b = 123, c = 123
// *a = 123, **b = 123, ***c = 123模式匹配
匹配数字
fn get_number_name(num: i32) {
print!("{}, ", num);
match num {
1 => println!("One"),
2 | 3 => println!("Two | Three"),
4..=7 => println!("Four ~ Seven"),
_ => {
println!("Unknow");
}
}
}
for i in 1..=8 {
get_number_name(i);
}
// 1, One
// 2, Two | Three
// 3, Two | Three
// 4, Four ~ Seven
// 5, Four ~ Seven
// 6, Four ~ Seven
// 7, Four ~ Seven
// 8, Unknow枚举类型
C Like
enum Fruit {
Apple,
Banana = 3,
Watermelon,
}
println!("Fruit::Apple is {}", Fruit::Apple as i32);
// use Fruit::Banana;
use Fruit::{Banana, Watermelon};
// use Fruit::*;
println!("Fruit::Banana is {}", Banana as i32);
println!("Fruit::Watermelon is {}", Watermelon as i32);
// Fruit::Apple is 0
// Fruit::Banana is 3
// Fruit::Watermelon is 4Rust Style
#[derive(Debug)]
enum Coin {
Penny,
Nickel,
Dime,
Quarter,
}
fn value_in_cents(coin: Coin) -> u8 {
print!("Coin({:?}) = ", coin);
match coin {
Coin::Penny => 1,
Coin::Nickel => 5,
Coin::Dime => 10,
Coin::Quarter => 25,
}
}
println!("{}", value_in_cents(Coin::Penny));
println!("{}", value_in_cents(Coin::Nickel));
println!("{}", value_in_cents(Coin::Dime));
println!("{}", value_in_cents(Coin::Quarter));
// Coin(Penny) = 1
// Coin(Nickel) = 5
// Coin(Dime) = 10
// Coin(Quarter) = 25#[derive(Debug)]
enum WebEvent {
PageLoad,
PageUnload,
KeyPress(char),
Paste(String),
Click { x: i64, y: i64 },
}
fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {
print!("event({:?}) = ", event);
match event {
WebEvent::PageLoad => println!("page loaded"),
WebEvent::PageUnload => println!("page unloaded"),
WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!("pressed '{}'.", c),
WebEvent::Paste(s) => println!("pasted \"{}\".", s),
WebEvent::Click { x, y } => {
println!("clicked at x={}, y={}.", x, y);
}
}
}
inspect(WebEvent::PageLoad);
inspect(WebEvent::KeyPress('x'));
inspect(WebEvent::Paste("my text".to_owned()));
inspect(WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 });
inspect(WebEvent::PageUnload);
// event(PageLoad) = page loaded
// event(KeyPress('x')) = pressed 'x'.
// event(Paste("my text")) = pasted "my text".
// event(Click { x: 20, y: 80 }) = clicked at x=20, y=80.
// event(PageUnload) = page unloadedOption
Rust并没有空值，取而代之的是Option<T>，其被定义为：
enum Option<T> {
Some(T),
None,
}如果使用None而不是Some，需要告诉RustOption<T>是什么类型的。
let num = Some(5);
let val = match num {
Some(i) => i,
None => -1,
};
let absent: Option<i32> = None;
println!("is_some = {}, val = {}", num.is_some(), val);
println!("is_none = {}", absent.is_none());
// is_some = true, val = 5
// is_none = trueif let
let num = Some(5);
if let Some(i) = num {
println!("If matched `{}`!", i);
}
// If matched `5`!while let Some(i) = num {
println!("While matched `{}`!", i);
break;
}
// While matched `5`!#[allow(dead_code)]
enum Coin {
Penny,
Nickel,
Dime,
Quarter,
}
let coin = Coin::Penny;
if let Coin::Penny = coin {
println!("A Penny!");
}
// A Penny!错误处理
错误分类：
- 可恢复错误（recoverable）：
Result<T, E> - 不可恢复错误（unrecoverable）：
panic!
panic!
程序会打印出一个错误信息，展开并清理栈数据，然后接着退出。
pub fn main() {
// 手动造成一个 panic
panic!("crash and burn");
// process didn't exit successfully
}pub fn main() {
// panic 由其它库抛出
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
v[99];
// process didn't exit successfully
}Result
Result被定义为：
enum Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E),
}错误判断
use std::io::Result;
use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let fr: Result<File> = File::open(FILE_PATH);
if fr.is_ok() {
println!("Opened");
}
if fr.is_err() {
println!("Error is {:?}", fr.err().unwrap());
// Error is Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "系统找不到指定的文件。" }
}错误类型
use std::io::{Result, ErrorKind, Write};
use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let f: Result<File> = File::open(FILE_PATH);
#[allow(unused_variables)]
let f: File = match f {
Ok(f) => f,
// match guard: 这个条件必须为真才能使分支的代码被执行
Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
// 创建一个文件
match File::create(FILE_PATH) {
Ok(mut fc) => {
fc.write("Hello Test!".as_bytes()).unwrap();
fc
}
Err(ec) => {
panic!("Error is {:?}", ec)
}
}
}
Err(e) => {
panic!("Error is {:?}", e)
}
};简化Result展开
unwrap和expect可简化match Result<T>。
use std::io::{Result, ErrorKind};
use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let f: Result<File> = File::open(FILE_PATH);
let f: File = match f {
Ok(f) => f,
Err(e) => panic!("{}", e),
};
// ↑↓
let f: File = File::open(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
// ↑↓
let f: File = File::open(FILE_PATH).expect("Error"); // 自定义panic信息传播错误
选择让调用者知道这个错误并决定该如何处理，这被称为传播（propagating）错误。
use std::io::{Result, Read};
use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "hello.txt";
fn propagating() -> Result<String> {
let mut file = match File::open(FILE_PATH) {
Ok(f) => f,
Err(e) => return Err(e), // 函数返回
};
let mut buff = String::new();
match file.read_to_string(&mut buff) {
Ok(_) => Ok(buff), // 函数返回
Err(e) => Err(e), // 函数返回
}
}
let t = propagating();
if t.is_ok() {
let s = t.unwrap();
println!("{}", s);
} else {
let e = t.err().unwrap();
println!("{:?}", e);
}// 传播简写
fn propagating() -> Result<String> {
let mut buff = String::new();
let mut file = File::open(FILE_PATH)?; // 返回T || 返回 Err(e)
file.read_to_string(&mut buff)?; // 返回T || 返回 Err(e)
Ok(buff)
}// 传播简简写
fn propagating() -> Result<String> {
let mut buff = String::new();
File::open(FILE_PATH)?.read_to_string(&mut buff)?;
Ok(buff)
}泛型与特性
实现（Implementation）
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point {
x: f32,
y: f32,
}
// 在结构体域上实现方法
impl Point {
// 修改当前实例的对象
fn add_to_point(&mut self, p2: &Point) {
self.x += p2.x;
self.y += p2.y;
}
// 获取实例的所有权，生成新对象
fn add_new_point(self, p2: &Point) -> Point {
Point { x: self.x + p2.x, y: self.y + p2.y }
}
// 关联函数：不含self
fn from_xy(x: f32, y: f32) -> Point {
Point { x, y }
}
}
let p1 = Point::from_xy(2.0, 3.0);
let mut p2 = Point { x: 23.0, y: 22.0 };
(&mut p2).add_to_point(&p1); // 手动解引用
p2.add_to_point(&p1); // 自动解引用，
println!("p2 = {:?}", p2);
// p2 = Point { x: 27.0, y: 28.0 }
let p3 = p2.add_new_point(&p1);
// println!("p2 = {:?}", p2); // Error: value borrowed here after move
println!("p3 = {:?}", p3);
// p3 = Point { x: 29.0, y: 31.0 }特性（Trait）
类似于Java中的接口。
// interface-like
trait Walkable {
fn walk(&self);
fn echo(&self) { // 默认实现
println!("echo!");
}
}
// class-like
struct People {}
impl Walkable for People {
fn walk(&self) {
println!("People walk!");
}
fn echo(&self) {
println!("People echo!");
}
}
// class-like
struct Animal {}
impl Walkable for Animal {
fn walk(&self) {
println!("Animal walk!");
}
}
let p = People{};
let a = Animal{};
p.walk();
p.echo();
a.walk();
a.echo();
// People walk!
// People echo!
// Animal walk!
// echo!特性组合
trait Walkable {
fn walk(&self);
}
trait Runnable {
fn run(&self);
}
// 组合
trait Walk2Runnable: Walkable + Runnable {
fn walk_2_run(&self);
}
struct People {}
impl Walkable for People {
fn walk(&self) {
print!("walk");
}
}
impl Runnable for People {
fn run(&self) {
print!("run");
}
}
// 如果要实现Walk2Runnable，必须实现Walkable和Runnable
impl Walk2Runnable for People {
fn walk_2_run(&self) {
self.walk();
print!("->");
self.run();
}
}
let p = People{};
p.walk_2_run();
// walk->run运算符重载
use std::ops::Add;
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
impl Add for Point {
type Output = Point;
fn add(self, other: Point) -> Point {
Point {
x: self.x + other.x,
y: self.y + other.y,
}
}
}
let p = Point { x: 1, y: 0 } + Point { x: 2, y: 3 };
println!("{:?}", p);特性实现重叠
trait Pilot {
fn fly(&self);
}
trait Wizard {
fn fly(&self);
}
struct Human;
impl Pilot for Human {
fn fly(&self) {
println!("This is your captain speaking.");
}
}
impl Wizard for Human {
fn fly(&self) {
println!("Up!");
}
}
let person = Human;
Pilot::fly(&person);
Wizard::fly(&person);
person.fly(); // Error: multiple applicable items in scope泛型（Generic）
struct Point<T> {
x: T,
y: T,
}
impl<T> Point<T> {
fn x(&self) -> &T {
&self.x
}
fn y(&self) -> &T {
&self.y
}
}
let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };
println!("p.x = {}, p.y = {}", p.x(), p.y());enum Boolean<T, F> {
True(T),
False(F),
}trait bound：只为实现了特定trait的类型的结构实现方法。
// 方式一
fn largest<T: PartialOrd + Copy>(a: &[T]) -> T {
let mut n = a[0];
for &i in a.iter() {
if i > n { n = i; }
}
n
}// 方式二
fn largest<T>(a: &[T]) -> T where T: PartialOrd + Copy {
let mut n = a[0];
for &i in a.iter() {
if i > n { n = i; }
}
n
}let n_arr = vec![34, 50, 25, 100, 65];
let c_arr = vec!['y', 'm', 'a', 'q'];
let result = largest(&n_arr);
println!("The largest number is {}", result);
let result = largest(&c_arr);
println!("The largest char is {}", result);模拟重载（Overload）
Rust中trait From被定义为：
pub trait From<T>: Sized {
fn from(value: T) -> Self;
}String对其的两个实现为：
impl From<char> for String {
fn from(c: char) -> Self {
c.to_string()
}
}
impl From<&str> for String {
fn from(s: &str) -> String {
s.to_owned()
}
}通过泛型和特性实现的重载功能：
let s1 = String::from('A');
let s2 = String::from("A");多态
泛型为单态化处理，所产生的代码进行静态分发（static dispatch），这与**动态分发（dynamic dispatch）**相对。dyn关键字表示具体类型已被擦去，一个dyn引用包含两个指针：
- 指向数据
- 指向方法调用名称与函数指针的映射
// Draw特性
pub trait Draw {
fn draw(&self);
}
// 屏幕上是可Draw组件
pub struct Screen {
// 类型擦除
pub components: Vec<Box<dyn Draw>>,
}
impl Screen {
// 屏幕运行时，绘制所有可Draw组件
pub fn run(&self) {
for component in self.components.iter() {
// 基于泛型和Trait实现的多态。
component.draw();
}
}
}
// Button可Draw
pub struct Button {
/* ... */
}
impl Draw for Button {
fn draw(&self) { println!("draw Button") }
}
// Label可Draw
pub struct Label {
/* ... */
}
impl Draw for Label {
fn draw(&self) { println!("draw Label") }
}
let screen = Screen {
components: vec![Box::new(Label {}), Box::new(Button {})],
};
screen.run();Collection
use std::vec;
use std::collections::{
VecDeque,
LinkedList,
HashMap,
HashSet,
BTreeMap,
BTreeSet,
BinaryHeap,
};Vector
let mut vec_u8: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
vec_u8.push(77u8);
vec_u8.push(99u8);
println!("vec_u8 = {:?}", vec_u8);
for i in &vec_u8 {
println!("{}", i);
}
// 容器自动推断
let mut vec_auto = Vec::new();
vec_auto.push(66u8);
vec_auto.push(88u8);
for i in &mut vec_auto {
*i -= 2;
}
println!("vec_auto = {:?}", vec_auto);HashMap
use std::collections::HashMap;
let mut kv1 = HashMap::new();
kv1.insert("Blue", 10);
kv1.entry("Yellow").or_insert(50);
kv1.entry("Blue").or_insert(50);
println!("{:?}", kv1);
let mut kv2: HashMap<i32, String> = HashMap::new();
kv2.insert(0, String::from("A"));
kv2.insert(1, String::from("B"));
kv2.insert(2, String::from("C"));
println!("{:?}", kv2);IO
命令行
命令行参数
use std::env;
let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
println!("len = {}", args.len());
println!("args = {:?}", args);
println!("args[0] = {}", &args[0]);命令行输入
use std::io::stdin;
let mut buff = String::new();
stdin().read_line(&mut buff)
.expect("Failed to read line.");
println!("input is {}", buff);读取环境变量
use std::env;
let v = env::var("PATH").unwrap();
println!("PATH = {}", v);读写文件
文件写入
use std::fs;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
fs::write(FILE_PATH, "FROM RUST PROGRAM").unwrap();use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let mut f = File::create(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
f.write("FROM RUST PROGRAM".as_bytes());use std::fs::OpenOptions;
use std::io::Write;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
.append(true).open(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
file.write(b" APPEND WORD").unwrap();文件读取
use std::fs;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let text = fs::read_to_string(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
println!("{}", text);use std::fs;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let content_bytes = fs::read(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
String::from();
let content = String::from_utf8(content_bytes).unwrap();
println!("{}", content);use std::io::Read;
use std::fs::File;
const FILE_PATH: &str = "test.txt";
let mut f = File::open(FILE_PATH).unwrap();
let mut buff = [0u8; 64];
let len = f.read(&mut buff).unwrap();
println!("len = {}", len);
let content = Vec::from(&buff[..len]);
let content = String::from_utf8(content).unwrap();
println!("content = {}", content);函数式编程
Closure
Lambda表达式
|arg0: ParameterType, ...| -> FunctionType { ... }|arg0: ParameterType, ...| ...|arg0, ...| ..|| ...
// lambda(完整)
let ladd1 = |x: i32, y: i32| -> i32 { x + y };
println!("ladd1(2, 3) = {}", ladd1(2, 3));
// lambda(省略返回类型)
let ladd2 = |x: i32, y: i32| x + y;
println!("ladd2(2, 3) = {}", ladd2(2, 3));
// lambda(省略变量类型、返回类型)
let ladd3 = |x, y| x + y;
println!("ladd3(2, 3) = {}", ladd3(2, 3));
// lambda(无参数)
let r = || 32;
println!("{}", r());所有权捕获
use core::ops::{FnOnce, FnMut, Fn};
// 实际使用中往往由编译器推断确定。FnOnce移动捕获：闭包只能被调用一次。
let s = String::new();
let f = move || -> String { // move关键字可以省略
let mut c = s; // 所有权转移（入）
c.push_str("+");
c // 所有权转移（出）
};
// println!("s = {}", s); // Error: borrow of moved value: `s`
println!("f() = {}", f()); // It's ok
// println!("f() = {}", f()); // Error: borrow of moved value: `s`
// println!("s = {}", s); // Error: borrow of moved value: `s`FnMut可变借用捕获：
let mut s = String::new();
let mut f = || {
s.push_str("+");
};
f(); f(); f(); // It's ok
println!("s = {}", s); // It's okFn不可变借用捕获：
let w = "word";
let f = || -> String {
let mut s = String::new();
s.push_str(w);
s
};
println!("s = {}", f()); // It's ok
println!("s = {}", f()); // It's okIterator
Rust中Iterator被定义为
// use std::iter::Iterator;
trait Iterator {
type Item;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;
// ...
}消费迭代器
// use std::vec::Vec;
use core::slice::Iter; // impl FusedIterator : Iterator
use core::iter::Map; // impl FusedIterator : Iterator
let a: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
let a_it: Iter<i32> = a.iter();
let a_map: Map<Iter<i32>, fn(&i32) -> i32>
= a_it.map(|x: &i32| -> i32 { x * 2 });
for it in a_map.clone() {
print!("it = {}, ", it);
}
println!();
let a_coll: Vec<i32> = a_map.clone().collect();
println!("a_coll = {:?}", a_coll);
let a_sum: i32 = a_map.sum();
println!("a_sum = {}", a_sum);
// it = 2, it = 4, it = 6,
// a_coll = [2, 4, 6]
// a_sum = 12自定义迭代器
struct CounterIter {
start_num: i32,
end_num: i32,
}
impl CounterIter {
fn new(start_num: i32, end_num: i32) -> CounterIter {
CounterIter { start_num, end_num }
}
}
impl Iterator for CounterIter {
type Item = i32;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
if self.start_num >= self.end_num {
return None;
}
let r = Some(self.start_num);
self.start_num += 1;
r
}
}
for item in CounterIter::new(0, 6) {
print!("{}, ", item);
}
// 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,智能指针
指针类型
Box
Box允许你将一个值放在堆上而不是栈上，留在栈上的则是指向堆数
据的指针。
let b = Box::new(5);
println!("b = {}", b);Rc
引用计数。
enum List {
Cons(i32, Rc<List>),
Nil,
}
use List::{Cons, Nil};
use std::rc::Rc;
let a = Rc::new(Cons(5, Rc::new(Cons(10, Rc::new(Nil)))));
println!("count after creating a = {}", Rc::strong_count(&a));
let b = Cons(3, Rc::clone(&a));
println!("count after creating b = {}", Rc::strong_count(&a));
{
let c = Cons(4, Rc::clone(&a));
println!("count after creating c = {}", Rc::strong_count(&a));
}
println!("count after c goes out of scope = {}", Rc::strong_count(&a));
// count after creating a = 1
// count after creating b = 2
// count after creating c = 3
// count after c goes out of scope = 2Cell&RefCell
Cell和RefCell在功能上没有区别，区别在于Cell<T>适用于T实现Copy的情况。
使用RefCell<T>能够在外部值被认为是不可变的情况下修改内部值。Box<T>借用规则的不可变性作用于编译时。对于RefCell<T>，这些不可变性作用于运行时。
use std::cell::Cell;
let c = Cell::new("asd");
println!("c = {}", c.get());
c.set("qwe"); // 此处违反借用规则，但可运行
println!("c = {}", c.get());RefCell实际上并没有解决可变引用和引用可以共存的问题。
use std::cell::RefCell;
let s = RefCell::new(String::from("hello, world"));
let bi = s.borrow();
let bm = s.borrow_mut();
println!("{}, {}", bi, bm);
// 没有编译器错误
// 存在运行时错误: already borrowed: BorrowMutErrorWeak
弱引用，通常和Rc协同使用解决引用循环问题。
递归类型
enum List {
Cons(i32, List), // Error: recursive type `List` has infinite size
Nil,
}
use List::{Cons, Nil};
let _ = Cons(1, Cons(2, Cons(3, Nil)));使用智能指针进行递归存储：
enum List {
Cons(i32, Box<List>),
Nil,
}
use List::{Cons, Nil};
let _ = Cons(
1, Box::new(Cons(
2, Box::new(Cons(
3, Box::new(Nil))))));Deref
智能指针自动解引用。
struct MyBox<T>(T);
impl<T> MyBox<T> {
fn new(x: T) -> MyBox<T> {
MyBox(x)
}
}
let val = MyBox::new(5);
// println!("{}", *val); // Error: type `MyBox<{integer}>` cannot be dereferenced
use std::ops::Deref;
impl<T> Deref for MyBox<T> {
type Target = T;
fn deref(&self) -> &T {
&self.0
}
}
println!("{}", *val);
// ↑↓ 等价
println!("{}", *(val.deref()));Drop
离开作用域时操作代码。
struct CustomSmartPointer {
data: String,
}
impl Drop for CustomSmartPointer {
fn drop(&mut self) {
println!("Dropping `{}`!", self.data);
}
}
let _a = CustomSmartPointer { data: String::from("A") };
let _b = CustomSmartPointer { data: String::from("B") };
println!("Created!");
// Created!
// Dropping `B`!
// Dropping `A`!Module
代码 | 说明 |
| 引入同级模块文件 |
| 创建文件内模块 |
| 引入同级模块方法 |
| 调用同级模块内方法 |
| 调用当前模块内方法 |
单文件
fn say_hello() {
println!("Hello mod_module!");
}
// 自定义模块
mod demo_module {
// private
fn say_hello() {
println!("Hello demo_module!");
}
// public
pub fn hello() {
// 调用私有方法
self::say_hello();
// 调用包含当前模块的模块内方法
super::say_hello();
}
}
pub fn main() {
demo_module::hello();
use demo_module::hello;
hello();
}多文件
main.rs
mod mod_test0;
mod mod_test1;
fn main() {
mod_test0::hello();
mod_test1::hello();
mod_test1::mod_sub::hello();
// mod_test0 hello
// mod_test1 hello
// mod_sub hello
use mod_test0::hello as hello0;
use mod_test1::hello as hello1;
use mod_test1::{ mod_sub };
use mod_sub::*;
hello0();
hello1();
mod_sub::hello();
hello();
// mod_test0 hello
// mod_test1 hello
// mod_sub hello
// mod_sub hello
}mod_test0.rs
pub fn hello() {
println!("mod_test0 hello");
}mod_test1/mod.rs
pub mod mod_sub;
pub fn hello() {
println!("mod_test1 hello");
}mod_test1/mod_sub.rs
pub fn hello() {
println!("mod_sub hello");
}Macro
macro_rules! MacroName {
($arg0: ArguementType) => {...};
...
}- 宏被调用时，会由上而下对每个规则进行匹配
- 宏调用所使用的括号可以是
()、[]、{}任意一种
使用$( ... ) [sep] */+/?可以进行重复匹配
ArguementType | Note | Example |
| 函数定义或常量声明 | |
|
| |
| 语句 |
|
| 模式 |
|
| 表达式 |
|
| 类型 |
|
| 标识符或关键字 |
|
| 模块路径 |
|
| Token树 | |
| 属性 |
|
| 生命周期Token |
|
| 可能为空的限定符 |
|
| 字面量 |
macro_rules! build_vec {
(
$( $i:expr ) , * // 重复匹配表达式
$( , )? // 可选的末尾逗号
) => {
{ // 表达式
let mut vec = Vec::new();
$( vec.push($i); )* // 重复添加
vec // 返回
}
}
}
let vs = build_vec!(1, 1 + 2, 2 + 3, );
println!("vs = {:?}", vs);
// vs = [1, 3, 5]unsafe
需要unsafe的场景：
- 解裸指针
*const i32、*mut i32 - 调用
unsafe fn - 调用
extern中内容 - 访问或修改
static mut变量 - 实现
unsafe trait
unsafe fn dangerous() {}
unsafe {
dangerous();
}extern "C" {
fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;
}
fn main() {
unsafe {
println!("Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}", abs(-3));
}
}static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;
unsafe {
COUNTER += 1;
println!("COUNTER: {}", COUNTER);
}Thread
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
use std::time::Duration;
// 子线程
let handle: JoinHandle<_> = thread::spawn(|| {
for i in 1..10 {
println!("spawn thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}
});
// 主线程
for i in 1..5 {
println!("main thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}
// 当<主线程>结束时，<子线程>也会结束join
主线程等待子线程执行完毕。
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
use std::time::Duration;
// 子线程
let handle: JoinHandle<_> = thread::spawn(|| {
for i in 1..10 {
println!("spawn thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}
});
// 主线程
for i in 1..5 {
println!("main thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}
// 当<主线程>结束时，等待<子线程>结束
handle.join().unwrap();use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
use std::time::Duration;
// 子线程
let handle: JoinHandle<_> = thread::spawn(|| {
for i in 1..10 {
println!("spawn thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}
});
// 等待<子线程>结束，再开始运行<主线程>
handle.join().unwrap();
// 主线程
for i in 1..5 {
println!("main thread: {}", i);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
}channel
通道为单所有权，数据传入通道后将无法再使用。
use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc;
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
thread::spawn(move || {
let val = String::from("hi");
sender.send(val).unwrap();
});
// 阻塞并接收值
let received = receiver.recv().unwrap();
println!("{}", received);use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc;
use std::time::Duration;
let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
thread::spawn(move || {
let val_list = vec![
String::from("hi"),
String::from("from"),
String::from("the"),
String::from("thread"),
];
for val in val_list {
sender.send(val).unwrap();
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
}
});
// 阻塞并接收值
for received in receiver {
println!("- {}", received);
}Mutex & Arc
在智能指针特性方面：
-
Mutex<T>类似于RefCell<T> -
Arc<T>类似于Rc<T>
Mutex<T>和Arc<T>为多所有权。
use std::sync::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
let mutex = Mutex::new(5);
{
// 获取锁，返回可写智能指针（MutexGuard）
let mut num: MutexGuard<_> = mutex.lock().unwrap();
*num = 6;
// 退出作用域时自动释放锁
}
println!("m = {:?}", mutex);
// m = Mutex { data: 6, poisoned: false, .. }Sync & Send
// Rust 中的两个空实现 trait
use std::marker::{Sync, Send};Send表明类型的所有权可以在线程间传递。除了Rc<T>外，几乎所有的Rust类型都是Send的。
Sync表明一个实现了Sync的类型可以安全的在多个线程中拥有其值的引用。Rc<T>、RefCell<T>、Cell<T>不是Sync的。
Socket
Tcp
tcp_server/main.rs
use std::io::{Read, Write};
use std::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
fn handle_client(mut stream: TcpStream) {
let mut buffer = [0u8; 128];
loop {
// 读取消息
let length = stream.read(&mut buffer).unwrap();
let content = std::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..length]).unwrap();
println!("{}, content = {}", length, content);
// 回复消息
let message = format!("received: {}", content);
stream.write(message.as_bytes()).unwrap();
stream.flush().unwrap();
}
}
fn main() {
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8888").unwrap();
// 对每一个连接开启一个线程进行处理
for stream in listener.incoming() {
std::thread::spawn(move || {
handle_client(stream.unwrap());
});
}
}tcp_client/main.rs
use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
use std::net::TcpStream;
fn main() {
let mut stream = TcpStream::connect("127.0.0.1:8888").unwrap();
let mut length: usize;
let mut buffer = [0u8; 128];
loop {
// 从命令窗口读取消息
length = io::stdin().read(&mut buffer).unwrap();
stream.write(&buffer[..length]).unwrap();
stream.flush().unwrap();
// 查看消息
let length = stream.read(&mut buffer).unwrap();
let content = std::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..length]).unwrap();
println!("{}, content = {}", length, content);
}
}UdpBroadcast
udp_broadcast_server/main.rs
use std::net::{SocketAddr, UdpSocket, Ipv4Addr};
fn main() {
let bind_socket_address = SocketAddr::from("0.0.0.0:8888");
let multi_address = Ipv4Addr::new(234, 2, 2, 2);
let socket = UdpSocket::bind(bind_socket_address).unwrap();
let mut buffer = [0u8; 65535];
socket.join_multicast_v4(&multi_address, &Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED).unwrap();
loop {
let (size, source_address) = socket.recv_from(&mut buffer).unwrap();
let message = std::str::from_utf8(&buffer).unwrap();
println!("Received {} bytes from {:?}", size, source_address);
println!("message = {}", &message[..size]);
}
}udp_broadcast_client/main.rs
use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr, UdpSocket};
fn main() {
let bind_socket_address = SocketAddr::from((Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED, 9999));
let multi_socket_address = SocketAddr::from(([234, 2, 2, 2], 8888));
let socket = UdpSocket::bind(bind_socket_address).unwrap();
let message = "Hello Udp Broadcast!";
socket.send_to(message.as_bytes(), multi_socket_address).unwrap();
}
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