--==========================

--SQL基础-->多表查询

--==========================

/*

一、多表查询

    简言之,根据特定的连接条件从不同的表中获取所需的数据

 

    笛卡尔集的产生条件:

       省略连接条件

       连接条件无效

       第一个表中的所有行与第二个表中的所有行相连接

           

二、多表查询语法:*/

    SELECT table1.column, table2.column

    FROM table1,

    WHERE table1.column1 = table2.column2;

    /*

    但要注意where 不要省了,省略where 即为笛卡尔集,而且where 条件要有效,

    两张表间有一个相同的字段,才好进行有效的多表查询

 

    查询时列名前,加表名或表别名前辍(如果字段在两个表中是唯一的可以不加)

 

    为了简化SQL书写,可为表名定义别名,格式:from 表名别名

    如:from emp e,dept d

   

    建议使用表的别名及表前缀,使用表别名可以简化查询,而使用表前缀则可以提高查询性能

 

    例:查询每个员工的工号,姓名,工资,部门名和工作地点*/

    select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc from emp,dept

    where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

 

/*

三、多表连接类型:

    从数据显示方式来讲有:内连接和外连接。

    内连接:只返回满足连接条件的数据。

    外连接:除了返回满足连接条的行以外,还返回左(右)表中,不满足条件的行,

       称为左(右)连接

 

内连接*/
    select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc from emp,dept 
    where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;  --(Oracle 8i 及以前的写法)
 
    --内连接的另一种写法:
    select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
    from emp join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno); -- (SQL 99的写法)
 
    /*
    外连接:
    两个表的查询中,使用外连接可以查询另一个表或者两个中不满足连接条件的数据。
    外连接的符号是(+),(+)要放在字段名后。(+)对面的那个表,会全部显示。
    
    外连接语法*/
        SELECT table1.column, table2.column   --右外连接
       FROM table1,
       WHERE table1.column(+) = table2.column;
       
       SELECT table1.column, table2.column   --左外连接
       FROM table1,
       WHERE table1.column = table2.column(+);
 
    --例:
    select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
    from emp,dept
    where emp.deptno(+)=dept.deptno; -- (Oracle 8i 及以前的写法)
 
    --另一种写法(右连接):     -- (SQL 99的写法)
    select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
    from emp right join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno);
 
    --左连接:                    (SQL 99的写法)
    select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
    from emp left join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno);
 
    --全连接(满连接)            (SQL 99的写法)
   select empno,ename,job,sal,d.deptno,dname,loc
    from emp e full join dept d on (e.deptno=d.deptno);
 
    /*
    自然连接                    (SQL 99的写法)
    以两个表具有相同的字段的所有列为基础,可采用自然连接(natural join)
    它将选择两个表中那些在所有匹配的列中值相等的行。
    如果列具有相同的名称,但数据类型能够不同,则会报错*/
    select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno,dname,loc
    from emp natural join dept;
 
    /*
    自连接:
    将自身表的一个镜像当另一个表来对待。*/
    select ... from emp e,emp d  ...
    
    --下面列出SQL 99的语法供参考
    SELECT table1.column, table2.column
    FROM
    [CROSS JOIN table2] |
    [NATURAL JOIN table2] |
    [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
    [JOIN table2
    ON(table1.column_name = table2.column_name)] |
    [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
    ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)];
    
    --在下面的语法中
    table1.column     --指明从中检索数据的表和列
    CROSS JOIN        --返回两个表的笛卡尔集 
    NATURAL JOIN      --根据相同的列名连接两个表
    JOIN table
    USING column_name --根据列名执行等值连接
    JOIN table ON
    table1.column_name   --根据ON 子句中的条件执行等值连接
    = table2.column_name
    LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER
    
    /*
    使用using子句创建连接
        如果几个列具有相同的名称,但是数据类型不匹配,那么可以使用using子句来修改natural join
       子句以指定要用于等值连接的列
       在多个列匹配时,使用using 子句只匹配一个列
       在引用列中不要使用表名或别名
       natural join 和using 子句是互不相容的 */
       
        --例:
       SELECT l.city, d.department_name
       FROM locations l JOIN departments d USING (location_id)
       WHERE location_id = 1400;
       --下面的语句无效,因为where 子句中限定了location_id
       SELECT l.city, d.department_name
       FROM locations l JOIN departments d USING (location_id)
       WHERE d.location_id = 1400;
       ORA-25154: column part of
       
       --注意:
       --   两个表中名称相同的列在使用时不能有任何限定符,这一限制同样适用于natural join
/*

四、演示: 

*/  
--笛卡尔集
    SQL> select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept;
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
         7369 SMITH      ACCOUNTING
         7499 ALLEN      ACCOUNTING
         7521 WARD       ACCOUNTING
         7566 JONES      ACCOUNTING
         7654 MARTIN     ACCOUNTING
         7698 BLAKE      ACCOUNTING
         7782 CLARK      ACCOUNTING
         7788 SCOTT      ACCOUNTING
         7839 KING       ACCOUNTING
         7844 TURNER     ACCOUNTING
         7876 ADAMS      ACCOUNTING
         --中间结果省略
         56 rows selected.     
--使用cross join 实现交叉连接,即笛卡尔集     
    SQL> select empno,ename,dname from
      2  cross join dept;
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
         7369 SMITH      ACCOUNTING
         7499 ALLEN      ACCOUNTING
         7521 WARD       ACCOUNTING
         7566 JONES      ACCOUNTING
         7654 MARTIN     ACCOUNTING
         7698 BLAKE      ACCOUNTING
         7782 CLARK      ACCOUNTING
         7788 SCOTT      ACCOUNTING
         7839 KING       ACCOUNTING
         7844 TURNER     ACCOUNTING
         7876 ADAMS      ACCOUNTING
      
--等值连接(Oracle 写法) 
    SQL> select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
         7369 SMITH      RESEARCH
         7499 ALLEN      SALES
         7876 ADAMS      RESEARCH
         --部分结果省略
         7902 FORD       RESEARCH
         7934 MILLER     ACCOUNTING
 
    14 rows selected.
 
--等值连接(SQL 99 写法) 
    SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp  e
      2  inner join dept  d
      3  on e.deptno = d.deptno;
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
         7369 SMITH      RESEARCH
         7499 ALLEN      SALES
         7876 ADAMS      RESEARCH
           --部分结果省略
         7902 FORD       RESEARCH
         7934 MILLER     ACCOUNTING
 
    14 rows selected. 
 
--注意:表别名不支持as 用法
    SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp as
      2  inner join dept  d
      3  on e.deptno = d.deptno;
    select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp as
                                       *
    ERROR at line 1:
    ORA-00933: SQL command not
 
--等值连接并增加条件
    SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp  e,
      2  dept d
      3  where d.deptno = e.deptno
      4    and e.ename = 'SCOTT';
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
         7788 SCOTT      RESEARCH
      
--非等值连接
--查询雇员的姓名、薪水、级别且部门为的记录
    SQL> select ename,sal,grade 
      2  from emp,salgrade
      3  where sal between losal and
      4    and emp.deptno = 20;
 
    ENAME             SAL      GRADE
    ---------- ---------- ----------
    SCOTT            3000          4
    FORD             3000          4
    JONES            2975          4
    ADAMS            1100          1
    SMITH             800          1  
 
--使用SQL 99写法实现上述功能
    SQL> select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
      2  from
      3    join
      4      on e.sal between losal and
      5      and e.deptno = 20;
 
    ENAME             SAL      GRADE
    ---------- ---------- ----------
    SCOTT            3000          4
    FORD             3000          4
    JONES            2975          4
    ADAMS            1100          1
    SMITH             800          1
 
--右外连接
--注意:右外连接时,加号在等号的左边
--可以看到,左表emp中的列有为空值的
    SQL> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname   
      2  from emp e,dept d
      3  where e.deptno(+) = d.deptno;
 
    ENAME          DEPTNO DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
    CLARK              10 ACCOUNTING
    KING               10 ACCOUNTING
    MILLER             10 ACCOUNTING
    JONES              20 RESEARCH
    FORD               20 RESEARCH
    ADAMS              20 RESEARCH
    SMITH              20 RESEARCH
    SCOTT              20 RESEARCH
    WARD               30 SALES
    TURNER             30 SALES
    ALLEN              30 SALES
 
    ENAME          DEPTNO DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
    JAMES              30 SALES
    BLAKE              30 SALES
    MARTIN             30 SALES
                       OPERATIONS
 
    15 rows selected.
 
--使用SQL 99写法实现右外连接
    SQL> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname
      2  from emp e       
      3    right join
      4      on e.deptno = d.deptno ;
 
    ENAME          DEPTNO DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
    CLARK              10 ACCOUNTING
    KING               10 ACCOUNTING
    MILLER             10 ACCOUNTING
    JONES              20 RESEARCH
    FORD               20 RESEARCH
    ADAMS              20 RESEARCH
    SMITH              20 RESEARCH
    SCOTT              20 RESEARCH
    WARD               30 SALES
    TURNER             30 SALES
    ALLEN              30 SALES
 
    ENAME          DEPTNO DNAME
    ---------- ---------- --------------
    JAMES              30 SALES
    BLAKE              30 SALES
    MARTIN             30 SALES
                       OPERATIONS
 
--左外连接
--注意:左外连接时,加号在等号的右边
    SQL> select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno 
      2  from dept d,emp e
      3  where d.deptno = e.deptno(+)
      4  order by d.deptno;
 
    DNAME          ENAME          DEPTNO
    -------------- ---------- ----------
    ACCOUNTING     CLARK              10
    ACCOUNTING     KING               10
    ACCOUNTING     MILLER             10
    RESEARCH       JONES              20
    RESEARCH       FORD               20
    RESEARCH       ADAMS              20
    RESEARCH       SMITH              20
    RESEARCH       SCOTT              20
    SALES          WARD               30
    SALES          TURNER             30
    SALES          ALLEN              30
 
    DNAME          ENAME          DEPTNO
    -------------- ---------- ----------
    SALES          JAMES              30
    SALES          BLAKE              30
    SALES          MARTIN             30
    OPERATIONS
 
    15 rows selected.
 
--使用SQL 99写法实现左外连接                
    SQL> select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno 
      2  from
      3    left join
      4      on d.deptno = e.deptno
      5  order by d.deptno;
 
    DNAME          ENAME          DEPTNO
    -------------- ---------- ----------
    ACCOUNTING     CLARK              10
    ACCOUNTING     KING               10
    ACCOUNTING     MILLER             10
    RESEARCH       JONES              20
    RESEARCH       FORD               20
    RESEARCH       ADAMS              20
    RESEARCH       SMITH              20
    RESEARCH       SCOTT              20
    SALES          WARD               30
    SALES          TURNER             30
    SALES          ALLEN              30
 
    DNAME          ENAME          DEPTNO
    -------------- ---------- ----------
    SALES          JAMES              30
    SALES          BLAKE              30
    SALES          MARTIN             30
    OPERATIONS
 
    15 rows selected.                 
 
--自连接
    SQL> select e.ename || ' works for ' || m.ename
      2  from emp e,emp m
      3  where e.empno = m.mgr;
 
    E.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||M.ENAME
    -------------------------------
    FORD works for
    BLAKE works for
    BLAKE works for
    KING works for
    BLAKE works for
    KING works for
    KING works for
    JONES works for
    BLAKE works for
    SCOTT works for
    BLAKE works for
 
    E.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||M.ENAME
    -------------------------------
    JONES works for
    CLARK works for
 
    13 rows selected.
 
--自然连接
    SQL> select empno,ename,job,deptno,dname,loc
      2  from
      3  natural join dept;
 
        EMPNO ENAME      JOB           DEPTNO DNAME          LOC
    ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- -------------
         7369 SMITH      CLERK             20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN          30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7521 WARD       SALESMAN          30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7566 JONES      MANAGER           20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN          30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7698 BLAKE      MANAGER           30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7782 CLARK      MANAGER           10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
         7788 SCOTT      ANALYST           20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7839 KING       PRESIDENT         10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
         7844 TURNER     SALESMAN          30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7876 ADAMS      CLERK             20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
 
        EMPNO ENAME      JOB           DEPTNO DNAME          LOC
    ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- -------------
         7900 JAMES      CLERK             30 SALES          CHICAGO
         7902 FORD       ANALYST           20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7934 MILLER     CLERK             10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
 
    14 rows selected.
 
--使用using 子句创建连接
    SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname,d.loc
      2  from
      3  join
      4  using (deptno)
      5  where deptno in (20,40);
 
        EMPNO ENAME      DNAME          LOC
    ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------
         7369 SMITH      RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7566 JONES      RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7788 SCOTT      RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7876 ADAMS      RESEARCH       DALLAS
         7902 FORD       RESEARCH       DALLAS
/*

五、更多*/

 

Oracle 数据库实例启动关闭过程

 

Oracle 10g SGA 的自动化管理

 

使用OEM,SQL*Plus,iSQL*Plus 管理Oracle实例

 

Oracle实例和Oracle数据库(Oracle体系结构)

 

SQL 基础-->常用函数

 

SQL基础-->过滤和排序

 

SQL 基础-->SELECT 查询