任意实参列表

调用函数时,使用任意数量的实参是最少见的选项。这些实参包含在元组中(详见 元组和序列 )。在可变数量的实参之前,可能有若干个普通参数:

def write_multiple_items(file, separator, *args):
    file.write(separator.join(args))

variadic 参数用于采集传递给函数的所有剩余参数,因此,它们通常在形参列表的末尾。*args 形参后的任何形式参数只能是仅限关键字参数,即只能用作关键字参数,不能用作位置参数:

>>> def concat(*args, sep="/"):
...     return sep.join(args)
...
>>> concat("earth", "mars", "venus")
'earth/mars/venus'
>>> concat("earth", "mars", "venus", sep=".")
'earth.mars.venus'

解包实参列表

函数调用要求独立的位置参数,但实参在列表或元组里时,要执行相反的操作。例如,内置的 range() 函数要求独立的 start 和 stop 实参。如果这些参数不是独立的,则要在调用函数时,用 * 操作符把实参从列表或元组解包出来:

>>> list(range(3, 6))            # normal call with separate arguments
[3, 4, 5]
>>> args = [3, 6]
>>> list(range(*args))            # call with arguments unpacked from a list
[3, 4, 5]

同样,字典可以用 ** 操作符传递关键字参数:

>>> def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom'):
...     print("-- This parrot wouldn't", action, end=' ')
...     print("if you put", voltage, "volts through it.", end=' ')
...     print("E's", state, "!")
...
>>> d = {"voltage": "four million", "state": "bleedin' demised", "action": "VOOM"}
>>> parrot(**d)
-- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demise