作者:digdeep
Spring中的注解大概可以分为两大类:
1.spring的bean容器相关的注解,或者说bean工厂相关的注解;
2.springmvc相关的注解。
spring的bean容器相关的注解,先后有:@Required, @Autowired, @PostConstruct, @PreDestory,还有Spring3.0开始支持的JSR-330标准javax.inject.*中的注解(@Inject, @Named, @Qualifier, @Provider, @Scope, @Singleton).
springmvc相关的注解有:@Controller, @RequestMapping, @RequestParam, @ResponseBody等等。
要理解Spring中的注解,先要理解Java中的注解。
# Java中的注解
Java中1.5中开始引入注解,我们最熟悉的应该是:@Override, 它的定义如下:
/**
* Indicates that a method declaration is intended to override a
* method declaration in a supertype. If a method is annotated with
* this annotation type compilers are required to generate an error
* message unless at least one of the following conditions hold:
* The method does override or implement a method declared in a
* supertype.
* The method has a signature that is override-equivalent to that of
* any public method declared in Object.
*
* @author Peter von der Ahé
* @author Joshua Bloch
* @jls 9.6.1.4 @Override
* @since 1.5
*/
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}
从注释,我们可以看出,@Override的作用是,提示编译器,使用了@Override注解的方法必须override父类或者java.lang.Object中的一个同名方法。我们看到@Override的定义中使用到了 @Target, @Retention,它们就是所谓的“元注解”——就是定义注解的注解,或者说注解注解的注解(晕了...)。我们看下@Retention
@Retention用于提示注解被保留多长时间,有三种取值:
public enum RetentionPolicy { /** * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler. */ SOURCE, /** * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler * but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default * behavior. */ CLASS, /** * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively. * * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement */ RUNTIME}
RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 保留在源码级别,被编译器抛弃(@Override就是此类);RetentionPolicy.CLASS被编译器保留在编译后的类文件级别,但是被虚拟机丢弃;
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME保留至运行时,可以被反射读取。
再看 @Target:
package java.lang.annotation;/** * Indicates the contexts in which an annotation type is applicable. The * declaration contexts and type contexts in which an annotation type may be * applicable are specified in JLS 9.6.4.1, and denoted in source code by enum * constants of java.lang.annotation.ElementType * @since 1.5 * @jls 9.6.4.1 @Target * @jls 9.7.4 Where Annotations May Appear */@Documented@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)public @interface Target { /** * Returns an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type * can be applied to. * @return an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type * can be applied to */ ElementType[] value();}
@Target用于提示该注解使用的地方,取值有:
public enum ElementType { /** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */ TYPE, /** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */ FIELD, /** Method declaration */ METHOD, /** Formal parameter declaration */ PARAMETER, /** Constructor declaration */ CONSTRUCTOR, /** Local variable declaration */ LOCAL_VARIABLE, /** Annotation type declaration */ ANNOTATION_TYPE, /** Package declaration */ PACKAGE, /** * Type parameter declaration * @since 1.8 */ TYPE_PARAMETER, /** * Use of a type * @since 1.8 */ TYPE_USE}
分别表示该注解可以被使用的地方:
1.类,接口,注解,enum;
2.属性域;
3.方法;
4.参数;
5.构造函数;
6.局部变量;
7.注解类型;
8.包
所以:
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)public @interface Override {}
表示 @Override 只能使用在方法上,保留在源码级别,被编译器处理,然后抛弃掉。
还有一个经常使用的元注解 @Documented :
/** * Indicates that annotations with a type are to be documented by javadoc * and similar tools by default. This type should be used to annotate the * declarations of types whose annotations affect the use of annotated * elements by their clients. If a type declaration is annotated with * Documented, its annotations become part of the public API * of the annotated elements. */@Documented@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)public @interface Documented {}
表示注解是否能被 javadoc 处理并保留在文档中。
# 使用 元注解 来自定义注解 和 处理自定义注解
有了元注解,那么我就可以使用它来自定义我们需要的注解。结合自定义注解和AOP或者过滤器,是一种十分强大的武器。比如可以使用注解来实现权限的细粒度的控制——在类或者方法上使用权限注解,然后在AOP或者过滤器中进行拦截处理。下面是一个关于登录的权限的注解的实现:
/** * 不需要登录注解 */@Target({ ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE })@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documentedpublic @interface NoLogin {}
我们自定义了一个注解 @NoLogin, 可以被用于 方法 和 类 上,注解一直保留到运行期,可以被反射读取到。该注解的含义是:被 @NoLogin 注解的类或者方法,即使用户没有登录,也是可以访问的。下面就是对注解进行处理了:
/** * 检查登录拦截器 * 如不需要检查登录可在方法或者controller上加上@NoLogin */public class CheckLoginInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor { private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CheckLoginInterceptor.class); @Override public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception { if (!(handler instanceof HandlerMethod)) { logger.warn("当前操作handler不为HandlerMethod=" + handler.getClass().getName() +