一、exists
1.1 说明
EXISTS(包括 NOT EXISTS)子句的返回值是一个BOOL值。EXISTS内部有一个子查询语句(SELECT ... FROM...),我将其称为EXIST的内查询语句。其内查询语句返回一个结果集。EXISTS子句根据其内查询语句的结果集空或者非空,返回一个布尔值。Link
exists:强调的是是否返回结果集,不要求知道返回什么,比如:select name from student where sex = 'm' and mark exists(select 1 from grade where ...) ,只要exists引导的子句有结果集返回,那么exists这个条件就算成立了,大家注意返回的字段始终为1,如果改成“select 2 from grade where ...”,那么返回的字段就是2,这个数字没有意义。所以exists子句不在乎返回什么,而是在乎是不是有结果集返回。EXISTS = IN,意思相同不过语法上有点点区别,好像使用IN效率要差点,应该是不会执行索引的原因。Link
相对于inner join,exists性能要好一些,当她找到第一个符合条件的记录时,就会立即停止搜索返回TRUE。
1.2 示例
--EXISTS --SQL: select name from family_member where group_level > 0 and exists(select 1 from family_grade where family_member.name = family_grade.name and grade > 90) --result: name cherrie --NOT EXISTS --SQL: select name from family_member where group_level > 0 and not exists(select 1 from family_grade where family_member.name = family_grade.name and grade > 90) --result: name mazey rabbit
二、except
2.1 说明
查询结果上EXCEPT = NOT EXISTS,INTERSECT = EXISTS,但是EXCEPT / INTERSECT的「查询开销」会比NOT EXISTS / EXISTS大很多。
except自动去重复,not in / not exists不会。
2.2 示例
--except --SQL: select name from family_member where group_level > 0 except(select name from family_grade) --result: name rabbit --NOT EXISTS --SQL: select name from family_member where group_level > 0 and not exists(select name from family_grade where family_member.name = family_grade.name) --result: name rabbit rabbit
三、测试数据
-- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for family_grade -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE [mazeytop].[family_grade] GO CREATE TABLE [mazeytop].[family_grade] ( [id] int NOT NULL , [name] varchar(20) NULL , [grade] int NULL ) GO -- ---------------------------- -- Records of family_grade -- ---------------------------- INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_grade] ([id], [name], [grade]) VALUES (N'1', N'mazey', N'70') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_grade] ([id], [name], [grade]) VALUES (N'2', N'cherrie', N'93') GO GO -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for family_member -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE [mazeytop].[family_member] GO CREATE TABLE [mazeytop].[family_member] ( [id] int NOT NULL , [name] varchar(20) NULL , [sex] varchar(20) NULL , [age] int NULL , [group_level] int NULL ) GO -- ---------------------------- -- Records of family_member -- ---------------------------- INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_member] ([id], [name], [sex], [age], [group_level]) VALUES (N'1', N'mazey', N'male', N'23', N'1') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_member] ([id], [name], [sex], [age], [group_level]) VALUES (N'2', N'cherrie', N'female', N'22', N'2') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_member] ([id], [name], [sex], [age], [group_level]) VALUES (N'3', N'rabbit', N'female', N'15', N'3') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_member] ([id], [name], [sex], [age], [group_level]) VALUES (N'4', N'rabbit', N'female', N'15', N'3') GO GO -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for family_part -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE [mazeytop].[family_part] GO CREATE TABLE [mazeytop].[family_part] ( [id] int NOT NULL , [group] int NULL , [group_name] varchar(20) NULL ) GO -- ---------------------------- -- Records of family_part -- ---------------------------- INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_part] ([id], [group], [group_name]) VALUES (N'1', N'1', N'父亲') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_part] ([id], [group], [group_name]) VALUES (N'2', N'2', N'母亲') GO GO INSERT INTO [mazeytop].[family_part] ([id], [group], [group_name]) VALUES (N'3', N'3', N'女儿') GO GO -- ---------------------------- -- Indexes structure for table family_grade -- ---------------------------- -- ---------------------------- -- Primary Key structure for table family_grade -- ---------------------------- ALTER TABLE [mazeytop].[family_grade] ADD PRIMARY KEY ([id]) GO -- ---------------------------- -- Indexes structure for table family_member -- ---------------------------- -- ---------------------------- -- Primary Key structure for table family_member -- ---------------------------- ALTER TABLE [mazeytop].[family_member] ADD PRIMARY KEY ([id]) GO -- ---------------------------- -- Indexes structure for table family_part -- ---------------------------- -- ---------------------------- -- Primary Key structure for table family_part -- ---------------------------- ALTER TABLE [mazeytop].[family_part] ADD PRIMARY KEY ([id]) GO