字典爆破


爆破,简单而粗暴,而成功的关键,在于字典。


字典参考网址:

https://github.com/zxcvbn001/password_brute_dictionary


前期环境


1、DVWA靶机


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_错误信息


2、渗透测试系统(带工具)


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之前学习的渗透技术,我们使用靶机 + 其他公开版本的渗透系统 做练习。


低难度


登陆DVWA靶机之后


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选择“DVWA Security”


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将难度调为最低,并提交


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更改成功的提示信息


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好的,我们返回到“Brute Force”页面


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手工输入1,1结果出来是错误的信息。


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输入admin信息,发现提示错误信息


只有输入正确的信息,才会返回


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_09


至此,我们知道大概的验证原理了。

(这个页面不限制次数,进行验证,直到账号密码正确为止)


我们查看底下的源码


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_10


源码代码如下:


<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Get username
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];

// Get password
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = md5( $pass );

// Check the database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];

// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}

((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

?>


大致看得懂就行


1、先获取username,password

2、检查datebase

3、判断,输出信息


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我们打开工具箱


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_12


掏出BP,准备进行爆破,这里我们要注意,由于这个DVWA靶机,刚开始是需要登陆的。所以我们进行页面重组的时候,需要保留cookie的值


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新版本的BP有内置的浏览器,我们就使用这个吧


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我们也可以看到地址栏那里有变化


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找到这个历史记录,将页面发送到“intruder”


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先清除掉标志,然后我们将用户名和密码两个位置进行标志。


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第一个位置的payload我们填入admin


第二个位置的payload我们选择字典列表


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选择自带的密码字典(当然可以自己制作)


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不要忘记添加正确的密码进去。免得到时候爆破不成功。


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_20


开始爆破


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等待进度完成。


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可以看到,有些回复报文的长度不一样。


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_23


我们找到密码了。


中难度


进入安全设置,将难度设置为中等


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_24


手工随便输入进去


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_25


提示错误信息

好像是没有区别


我们查看后台源码


<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );

// Check the database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];

// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
sleep( 2 );
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}

((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

?>


Sanitise


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_26


增加了对输入框的验证。(SQL注入防护)


那我们还是一样的路子,直接爆破就完事了


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先访问该页面,然后进行抓取,发送到“intruder”页面


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_28


设置一个标志位


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_29


选择自带的密码字典

开始爆破


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默认为10个线程即可


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_31


长度不一样的报文通常是答案。


高难度


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_32


成功设置为高难度


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_33


浏览下源码


<?php

if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );

// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );

// Check database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );

if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];

// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 0, 3 ) );
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}

((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}

// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();

?>


使用了CSRF的token令牌


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_34


百科上的解释


废话不多说,我们进行抓包看看


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_35


参数很多


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_36


每次都会带上一个随机的token值


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_37


我们慢慢得找,会发现,下一次随机的token值,就在上一次的回复报文中

一层套一层


我们思路有了,下面调整工具


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_38


改变攻击方式,不再单一爆破

两个标志位需要一起变化


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_错误信息_39


第一个payload仍然是使用字典


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_40


第二个payload提示我们第一次使用的token值和“extract grep”


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_41


设置如下


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_php_42


我们返回到payload,

可以看到设置


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_错误信息_43


开始匹配


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等待结果


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_45


老方法辨认,如果发现长度不一样,可能就是答案


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_mysql_46


不可能难度


DVWA靶机-全级别测试-爆破_错误信息_47


源码分析


<?php

if( isset( $_POST[ 'Login' ] ) && isset ($_POST['username']) && isset ($_POST['password']) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );

// Sanitise username input
$user = $_POST[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));

// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_POST[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );

// Default values
$total_failed_login = 3;
$lockout_time = 15;
$account_locked = false;

// Check the database (Check user information)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT failed_login, last_login FROM users WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch();

// Check to see if the user has been locked out.
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $row[ 'failed_login' ] >= $total_failed_login ) ) {
// User locked out. Note, using this method would allow for user enumeration!
//echo "<pre><br />This account has been locked due to too many incorrect logins.</pre>";

// Calculate when the user would be allowed to login again
$last_login = strtotime( $row[ 'last_login' ] );
$timeout = $last_login + ($lockout_time * 60);
$timenow = time();

/*
print "The last login was: " . date ("h:i:s", $last_login) . "<br />";
print "The timenow is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timenow) . "<br />";
print "The timeout is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timeout) . "<br />";
*/

// Check to see if enough time has passed, if it hasn't locked the account
if( $timenow < $timeout ) {
$account_locked = true;
// print "The account is locked<br />";
}
}

// Check the database (if username matches the password)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = (:user) AND password = (:password) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$data->bindParam( ':password', $pass, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch();

// If its a valid login...
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $account_locked == false ) ) {
// Get users details
$avatar = $row[ 'avatar' ];
$failed_login = $row[ 'failed_login' ];
$last_login = $row[ 'last_login' ];

// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area <em>{$user}</em></p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";

// Had the account been locked out since last login?
if( $failed_login >= $total_failed_login ) {
echo "<p><em>Warning</em>: Someone might of been brute forcing your account.</p>";
echo "<p>Number of login attempts: <em>{$failed_login}</em>.<br />Last login attempt was at: <em>${last_login}</em>.</p>";
}

// Reset bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = "0" WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
} else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 2, 4 ) );

// Give the user some feedback
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.<br /><br/>Alternative, the account has been locked because of too many failed logins.<br />If this is the case, <em>please try again in {$lockout_time} minutes</em>.</pre>";

// Update bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = (failed_login + 1) WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}

// Set the last login time
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET last_login = now() WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}

// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();

?>


可以看到,impossible级别在 high 的基础上对用户的登录次数有所限制,当用户登录失败达到3次,将会锁住账号15秒,同时采用了更为安全的PDO(PHP Data Object)机制防御sql注入,这里因为不能使用PDO扩展本身执行任何数据库操作,而sql注入的关键就是通过破坏sql语句结构执行恶意的sql命令。


防御措施


很显然,防止爆破的有效方式就是限制登陆失败次数,并锁定账号。