{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403011998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.10914","title":"To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-training","display_name":"To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-training","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403011998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.10914"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10914","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.10914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"preprint","type_crossref":"posted-content","indexed_in":["arxiv"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.10914","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093925862","display_name":"Viraat Aryabumi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aryabumi, Viraat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080253330","display_name":"Yixuan Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-7791"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su, Yixuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108994195","display_name":"Raymond Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma, Raymond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029898181","display_name":"Adrien Morisot","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morisot, Adrien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051853887","display_name":"Chunshun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-7313"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ivan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003520377","display_name":"Acyr Locatelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Locatelli, Acyr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070153551","display_name":"Marzieh Fadaee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-1213"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadaee, Marzieh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063061204","display_name":"Ahmet \u00dcst\u00fcn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-4291"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00dcst\u00fcn, Ahmet","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078850040","display_name":"Sara Hooker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hooker, Sara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":0,"max":84},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.7168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.7168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.6767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.76404524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.76404524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5588396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.53700984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43241632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08098039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10914","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.10914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10914","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.10914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Including":[0],"code":[1,32,52,65,77,90,110,133,148,166,194,202,206],"in":[2,20,38,80,168,175,181,186,193,201],"the":[3,48,62,74,163],"pre-training":[4,81,208],"data":[5,33,66,78],"mixture,":[6],"even":[7],"for":[8,13,115,139],"models":[9,116],"not":[10],"specifically":[11],"designed":[12],"code,":[14],"has":[15,25],"become":[16],"a":[17,35,83,99,129,135,190],"common":[18],"practice":[19],"LLMs":[21],"pre-training.":[22],"While":[23],"there":[24,42],"been":[26],"anecdotal":[27],"consensus":[28],"among":[29],"practitioners":[30],"that":[31,132],"plays":[34],"vital":[36],"role":[37],"general":[39,68],"LLMs'":[40],"performance,":[41],"is":[43,73,134],"only":[44],"limited":[45],"work":[46,198],"analyzing":[47],"precise":[49],"impact":[50,63,75,153],"of":[51,64,76,86,102,165,173],"on":[53,67,82],"non-code":[54],"tasks.":[55,156],"In":[56,157],"this":[57],"work,":[58],"we":[59,127],"systematically":[60],"investigate":[61],"performance.":[69],"We":[70,92],"ask":[71],"\"what":[72],"used":[79],"large":[84],"variety":[85],"downstream":[87],"tasks":[88,144],"beyond":[89,142],"generation\".":[91],"conduct":[93],"extensive":[94],"ablations":[95],"and":[96,112,145,189,204],"evaluate":[97],"across":[98,154],"broad":[100],"range":[101],"natural":[103,176],"language":[104,177],"reasoning":[105],"tasks,":[106,109],"world":[107,182],"knowledge":[108],"benchmarks,":[111],"LLM-as-a-judge":[113],"win-rates":[114],"with":[117],"sizes":[118],"ranging":[119],"from":[120],"470M":[121],"to":[122,147,160,170],"2.8B":[123],"parameters.":[124],"Across":[125],"settings,":[126],"find":[128],"consistent":[130],"results":[131,167],"critical":[136],"building":[137],"block":[138],"generalization":[140],"far":[141],"coding":[143],"improvements":[146],"quality":[149,203],"have":[150,209],"an":[151],"outsized":[152],"all":[155],"particular,":[158],"compared":[159],"text-only":[161],"pre-training,":[162],"addition":[164],"up":[169],"relative":[171],"increase":[172],"8.2%":[174],"(NL)":[178],"reasoning,":[179],"4.2%":[180],"knowledge,":[183],"6.6%":[184],"improvement":[185],"generative":[187],"win-rates,":[188],"12x":[191],"boost":[192],"performance":[195],"respectively.":[196],"Our":[197],"suggests":[199],"investments":[200],"preserving":[205],"during":[207],"positive":[210],"impacts.":[211]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4403011998","counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2024-12-15T07:43:18.079931","created_date":"2024-10-01"}