{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311829877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.12668","title":"Pseudo Label Is Better Than Human Label","display_name":"Pseudo Label Is Better Than Human Label","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311829877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.12668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"preprint","type_crossref":"posted-content","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12668","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014088530","display_name":"Dongseong Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwang, Dongseong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032798707","display_name":"Khe Chai Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-2223"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sim, Khe Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069872293","display_name":"Zhouyuan Huo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huo, Zhouyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032931723","display_name":"Trevor Strohman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Strohman, Trevor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":0,"max":60},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.643757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcription","display_name":"Transcription","score":0.5884596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.41484076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.797022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.643757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6123588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6092402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179926584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207714","display_name":"Transcription (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5884596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.55173695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5252107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45423195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42364663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.41484076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.41087124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07005632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12668","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.12668","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.2203.12668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393179698","display_name":"DataCite API","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145204","host_organization_name":"DataCite","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145204"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["DataCite"],"type":"metadata"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.84,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386907265","https://openalex.org/W4290708361","https://openalex.org/W4221142855","https://openalex.org/W2594897229","https://openalex.org/W2293740626","https://openalex.org/W2151348424","https://openalex.org/W2129812225","https://openalex.org/W2118730790","https://openalex.org/W2058752985","https://openalex.org/W2050138804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-of-the-art":[0],"automatic":[1],"speech":[2,16],"recognition":[3],"(ASR)":[4],"systems":[5],"are":[6],"trained":[7,44],"with":[8,45],"tens":[9],"of":[10,12,14,32,40],"thousands":[11],"hours":[13],"labeled":[15],"data.":[17,47],"Human":[18],"transcription":[19,34],"is":[20],"expensive":[21],"and":[22,30,71,82],"time":[23],"consuming.":[24],"Factors":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"the":[28,33,38,41],"quality":[29,64],"consistency":[31],"can":[35,55,134],"greatly":[36],"affect":[37],"performance":[39],"ASR":[42],"models":[43],"these":[46],"In":[48],"this":[49,122],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,54,76,133],"show":[52,118],"that":[53,119],"train":[56,89],"a":[57,90,106,114,144],"strong":[58,123],"teacher":[59,86,95,124],"model":[60,98,125,146],"to":[61,88,126,141,148],"produce":[62],"high":[63],"pseudo":[65,129],"labels":[66,130],"by":[67,120],"utilizing":[68],"recent":[69],"self-supervised":[70],"semi-supervised":[72],"learning":[73],"techniques.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"use":[77],"JUST":[78],"(Joint":[79],"Unsupervised/Supervised":[80],"Training)":[81],"iterative":[83],"noisy":[84],"student":[85],"training":[87],"600":[91],"million":[92],"parameter":[93],"bi-directional":[94],"model.":[96],"This":[97],"achieved":[99],"4.0%":[100],"word":[101],"error":[102],"rate":[103],"(WER)":[104],"on":[105],"voice":[107],"search":[108],"task,":[109],"11.1%":[110],"relatively":[111],"better":[112],"than":[113],"baseline.":[115],"We":[116],"further":[117],"using":[121,149],"generate":[127],"high-quality":[128],"for":[131,143],"training,":[132],"achieve":[135],"13.6%":[136],"relative":[137],"WER":[138],"reduction":[139],"(5.9%":[140],"5.1%)":[142],"streaming":[145],"compared":[147],"human":[150],"labels.":[151]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4311829877","counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2024-12-06T12:06:08.005452","created_date":"2022-12-29"}