{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386328197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2023.i4.58-79","title":"Protecting Dilithium against Leakage","display_name":"Protecting Dilithium against Leakage","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386328197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2023.i4.58-79"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2023.i4.58-79","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11158/10597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11158/10597","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025643151","display_name":"Melissa Azouaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Azouaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046595634","display_name":"Olivier Bronchain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-718X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Bronchain","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059445412","display_name":"Ga\u00ebtan Cassiers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5426-9345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ga\u00ebtan Cassiers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Lamarr Security Research, Graz, Austria","UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lamarr Security Research, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042802532","display_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000581126","display_name":"Yulia Kuzovkova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulia Kuzovkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005514010","display_name":"Joost Renes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-6330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost Renes","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101961426","display_name":"Tobias Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-5949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092724647","display_name":"Markus Sch\u00f6nauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Sch\u00f6nauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070542865","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois\u2010Xavier Standaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-0285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Standaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058133722","display_name":"Christine van Vredendaal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Van Vredendaal","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.791,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999978,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"58","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.93955725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.52114487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.45787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.4231875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.93955725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.614048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6027984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.52403265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.52114487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.502275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44946957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.4231875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.35063937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3268398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.15513796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.08338493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07537186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2023.i4.58-79","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11158/10597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2023.i4.58-79","pdf_url":"https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/download/11158/10597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207404","display_name":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","issn_l":"2569-2925","issn":["2569-2925"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1607264302","https://openalex.org/W1897761346","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2140823840","https://openalex.org/W2740580365","https://openalex.org/W2741654699","https://openalex.org/W2898787455","https://openalex.org/W2951963551","https://openalex.org/W2979160478","https://openalex.org/W3004433901","https://openalex.org/W3115739041","https://openalex.org/W3128816529","https://openalex.org/W3183184671","https://openalex.org/W3184403650","https://openalex.org/W3192820170","https://openalex.org/W3211507582","https://openalex.org/W4221134967","https://openalex.org/W4238796697","https://openalex.org/W4285302767","https://openalex.org/W4310480235","https://openalex.org/W4365808111","https://openalex.org/W4385654492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385711937","https://openalex.org/W3028997939","https://openalex.org/W2951963551","https://openalex.org/W2900215011","https://openalex.org/W2786453435","https://openalex.org/W2354319712","https://openalex.org/W2157150548","https://openalex.org/W1579351653","https://openalex.org/W1566796882","https://openalex.org/W1526301524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CRYSTALS-Dilithium":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"selected":[3],"by":[4,34],"the":[5,8,20,81],"NIST":[6],"as":[7],"new":[9],"standard":[10],"for":[11,69],"post-quantum":[12],"digital":[13],"signatures.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"work,":[17],"we":[18,29,45,62],"revisit":[19],"side-channel":[21,70,98],"countermeasures":[22],"of":[23,54,84],"Dilithium":[24,72,85],"in":[25,57],"three":[26],"directions.":[27],"First,":[28],"improve":[30],"its":[31,94],"sensitivity":[32],"analysis":[33],"classifying":[35],"intermediate":[36],"computations":[37],"according":[38],"to":[39,50,88],"their":[40],"physical":[41],"security":[42],"requirements.":[43],"Second,":[44],"provide":[46],"improved":[47],"gadgets":[48],"dedicated":[49],"Dilithium,":[51],"taking":[52],"advantage":[53],"recent":[55],"advances":[56],"masking":[58],"conversion":[59],"algorithms.":[60],"Third,":[61],"combine":[63],"these":[64],"contributions":[65],"and":[66],"report":[67],"performance":[68],"protected":[71],"implementations.":[73],"Our":[74],"benchmarking":[75],"results":[76],"additionally":[77],"put":[78],"forward":[79],"that":[80],"randomized":[82],"version":[83],"can":[86],"lead":[87],"significantly":[89],"more":[90],"efficient":[91],"implementations":[92],"(than":[93],"deterministic":[95],"version)":[96],"when":[97],"attacks":[99],"are":[100],"a":[101],"concern.":[102]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386328197","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-05-04T14:57:06.338129","created_date":"2023-09-01"}