{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221053356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072542","title":"MmWave Radar and Vision Fusion for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Review","display_name":"MmWave Radar and Vision Fusion for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221053356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072542","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2542/pdf?version=1648235139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"review","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2542/pdf?version=1648235139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039663772","display_name":"Zhiqing Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-2739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074158993","display_name":"Fengkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7112-9328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030732784","display_name":"Shuo Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5663-2793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050028368","display_name":"Yangyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6869-7049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001829510","display_name":"Huici Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huici Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Lab for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Lab for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001714538","display_name":"Zhiyong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-222X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039663772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.996644,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2542","last_page":"2542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor Fusion","score":0.64733046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4587768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.67620575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.6666042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6623837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.64733046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.64299506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.63687176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.613263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.530499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5057752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4587768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.45409718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.21950528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.13929364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.123136014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09544814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014785","descriptor_name":"Vision, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2542/pdf?version=1648235139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3432006424b6467fb154a9304d494189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.03004","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.03004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cornell University"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072542","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2542/pdf?version=1648235139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970686984","https://openalex.org/W1976480913","https://openalex.org/W2012340518","https://openalex.org/W2078266257","https://openalex.org/W2083044905","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104540317","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2110514477","https://openalex.org/W2112231343","https://openalex.org/W2114317255","https://openalex.org/W2120010140","https://openalex.org/W2120419212","https://openalex.org/W2125994488","https://openalex.org/W2134963432","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2168125704","https://openalex.org/W2289237672","https://openalex.org/W2335443023","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2377836894","https://openalex.org/W2443717701","https://openalex.org/W2501987428","https://openalex.org/W2559728122","https://openalex.org/W2742478499","https://openalex.org/W2774434529","https://openalex.org/W2796096089","https://openalex.org/W2805964635","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2891529090","https://openalex.org/W2895655906","https://openalex.org/W2896271409","https://openalex.org/W2901642215","https://openalex.org/W2906551905","https://openalex.org/W2906735273","https://openalex.org/W2924106742","https://openalex.org/W2940863872","https://openalex.org/W2940991315","https://openalex.org/W2946459337","https://openalex.org/W2963292632","https://openalex.org/W2964249569","https://openalex.org/W2967098543","https://openalex.org/W2969506550","https://openalex.org/W2972647541","https://openalex.org/W2981726338","https://openalex.org/W2981857055","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986097283","https://openalex.org/W2986305485","https://openalex.org/W2989940015","https://openalex.org/W2996945478","https://openalex.org/W2999947750","https://openalex.org/W3000171824","https://openalex.org/W3006643904","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3103538645","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3110918660","https://openalex.org/W3118479569","https://openalex.org/W4210844825","https://openalex.org/W4246118670","https://openalex.org/W639708223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2152662039","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"autonomous":[1,22,68,125],"driving":[2,126],"developing":[3],"in":[4,11,124],"a":[5,32,42],"booming":[6],"stage,":[7],"accurate":[8,36],"object":[9,65,116],"detection":[10,53,66],"complex":[12],"scenarios":[13],"attract":[14],"wide":[15],"attention":[16],"to":[17],"ensure":[18],"the":[19,58,98,118,135],"safety":[20],"of":[21,64,72,120],"driving.":[23,69],"Millimeter":[24],"wave":[25],"(mmWave)":[26],"radar":[27,47,74],"and":[28,48,62,75,88,106,122,127],"vision":[29,49,76,123],"fusion":[30,50,77,99,109,119],"is":[31,78],"mainstream":[33],"solution":[34],"for":[35,67,134],"obstacle":[37,52],"detection.":[38],"This":[39],"article":[40],"presents":[41],"detailed":[43],"survey":[44],"on":[45],"mmWave":[46,73],"based":[51],"methods.":[54,110],"First,":[55],"we":[56,96,113,138],"introduce":[57,114],"tasks,":[59],"evaluation":[60],"criteria,":[61],"datasets":[63],"The":[70],"process":[71],"then":[79],"divided":[80],"into":[81,101],"three":[82],"parts:":[83],"sensor":[84,86,89],"deployment,":[85],"calibration,":[87],"fusion,":[90,130],"which":[91,131],"are":[92,132],"reviewed":[93],"comprehensively.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"classify":[97],"methods":[100],"data":[102],"level,":[103,105],"decision":[104],"feature":[107],"level":[108],"In":[111],"addition,":[112],"three-dimensional(3D)":[115],"detection,":[117],"lidar":[121],"multimodal":[128],"information":[129],"promising":[133],"future.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"summarize":[139],"this":[140],"article.":[141]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4221053356","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2025-03-29T10:45:20.542569","created_date":"2022-04-03"}