{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154990752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092925","title":"Design and Experimental Characterization of a Discovery and Tracking System for Optical Camera Communications","display_name":"Design and Experimental Characterization of a Discovery and Tracking System for Optical Camera Communications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154990752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092925","mag":"3154990752","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921995","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8122259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2925/pdf?version=1619075487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2925/pdf?version=1619075487","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001135937","display_name":"Antonio Mederos-Barrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-0726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Mederos-Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033236582","display_name":"Cristo Jurado-Verd\u00fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7371-5563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristo Jurado-Verdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058302339","display_name":"V\u00edctor Guerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-7577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Guerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013940441","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Rabad\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Rabadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011499490","display_name":"Rafael P\u00e9rez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Perez-Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001135937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":0.575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.672342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":83,"max":84},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"2925","last_page":"2925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6284203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6801467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6704351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6284203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.59397614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.5836632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.49143803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.45017597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.41560954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41353682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32317606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31569993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22951734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20742145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.18643391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1541861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2925/pdf?version=1619075487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/670284820f51497fb0f7d556a2a3b20e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10553/107076","pdf_url":"https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/jspui/bitstream/10553/107076/1/sensors-21-02925.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400136","display_name":"Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8122259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2925/pdf?version=1619075487","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1608752831","https://openalex.org/W2000326692","https://openalex.org/W2048540329","https://openalex.org/W2054096212","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109579504","https://openalex.org/W2124211486","https://openalex.org/W2165737454","https://openalex.org/W2507605842","https://openalex.org/W2583115661","https://openalex.org/W2738723031","https://openalex.org/W2786106010","https://openalex.org/W2786940014","https://openalex.org/W2801779424","https://openalex.org/W2802573300","https://openalex.org/W2807948265","https://openalex.org/W2893878213","https://openalex.org/W2909576504","https://openalex.org/W2923268289","https://openalex.org/W2937286339","https://openalex.org/W2945361319","https://openalex.org/W2953884299","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964264751","https://openalex.org/W2970489751","https://openalex.org/W2980356457","https://openalex.org/W2982232760","https://openalex.org/W3007857071","https://openalex.org/W3035136105","https://openalex.org/W3075943981","https://openalex.org/W3098943005","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W7746136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388819646","https://openalex.org/W4282972749","https://openalex.org/W4246235111","https://openalex.org/W4234291648","https://openalex.org/W3012439052","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W2981904814","https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2479866044","https://openalex.org/W2119457534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0],"light":[1,154],"communications":[2],"(VLC)":[3],"technology":[4,37],"is":[5,193,209],"emerging":[6],"as":[7,44,74],"a":[8,88,120,157,181],"candidate":[9],"to":[10,81,86,104,185,211],"meet":[11],"the":[12,19,39,83,93,99,128,132,143,146,149,153,166,187,190,196,199,213,220],"demand":[13],"for":[14],"interconnected":[15],"devices\u2019":[16],"communications.":[17],"However,":[18],"costs":[20],"of":[21,95,119,145,189,198,204],"incorporating":[22],"specific":[23],"hardware":[24],"into":[25],"end-user":[26],"devices":[27],"slow":[28,158],"down":[29],"its":[30],"market":[31],"entry.":[32],"Optical":[33],"camera":[34],"communication":[35],"(OCC)":[36],"paves":[38],"way":[40],"by":[41,102,130],"reusing":[42],"cameras":[43],"receivers.":[45],"These":[46],"systems":[47],"have":[48],"generally":[49],"been":[50],"evaluated":[51],"under":[52],"static":[53],"conditions,":[54],"in":[55,76,127],"which":[56],"transmitting":[57],"sources":[58],"are":[59],"recognized":[60],"using":[61,137],"computationally":[62],"expensive":[63],"discovery":[64,111],"algorithms.":[65],"In":[66],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[67],"networks":[68],"and":[69,91,112,141,168,201,217],"wearable":[70],"devices,":[71],"tracking":[72,113],"algorithms,":[73],"proposed":[75,107],"this":[77],"work,":[78],"allow":[79],"one":[80],"reduce":[82],"time":[84],"required":[85],"locate":[87],"moving":[89],"source":[90,155],"hence":[92,176],"latency":[94],"these":[96],"systems,":[97],"increasing":[98],"data":[100,162],"rate":[101],"up":[103],"2100%.":[105],"The":[106],"receiver":[108,150],"architecture":[109],"combines":[110],"algorithms":[114],"that":[115],"analyze":[116],"spatial":[117],"features":[118],"custom":[121],"RGB":[122],"LED":[123,140],"transmitter":[124,221],"matrix,":[125],"highlighted":[126],"scene":[129],"varying":[131],"cameras\u2019":[133],"exposure":[134],"time.":[135],"By":[136],"an":[138],"anchor":[139],"changing":[142],"intensity":[144],"green":[147],"LED,":[148],"can":[151],"track":[152],"with":[156],"temporal":[159],"deterioration.":[160],"Moreover,":[161],"bits":[163],"sent":[164],"over":[165],"red":[167],"blue":[169],"channels":[170],"do":[171],"not":[172],"significantly":[173],"affect":[174],"detection,":[175],"transmission":[177],"occurs":[178],"uninterrupted.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"novel":[182,205],"experimental":[183],"methodology":[184],"evaluate":[186,212],"evolution":[188],"detection\u2019s":[191],"performance":[192],"proposed.":[194],"With":[195],"analysis":[197],"mean":[200],"standard":[202],"deviation":[203],"K":[206],"parameters,":[207],"it":[208],"possible":[210],"detected":[214],"region-of-interest":[215],"scale":[216],"centrality":[218],"against":[219],"source\u2019s":[222],"ideal":[223],"location.":[224]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3154990752","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-01-04T13:57:11.108890","created_date":"2021-04-26"}