{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004492566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873","title":"Deep Learning Assisted Buildings Energy Consumption Profiling Using Smart Meter Data","display_name":"Deep Learning Assisted Buildings Energy Consumption Profiling Using Smart Meter Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004492566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873","mag":"3004492566","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041362","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7038690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/873/pdf?version=1581495898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/873/pdf?version=1581495898","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075042717","display_name":"Amin Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-2689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076162916","display_name":"Kilichbek Haydarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kilichbek Haydarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000747784","display_name":"Ijaz Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-7372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ijaz Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018267985","display_name":"Khan Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073263477","display_name":"Seungmin Rho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungmin Rho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690117","display_name":"Mi Young Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072407810","display_name":"Sung Wook Baik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6678-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung Wook Baik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072407810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999985,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"873","last_page":"873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7258927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.64063215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-meter","display_name":"Electricity meter","score":0.61082804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.5589729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usage-data","display_name":"Usage data","score":0.49666578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption","score":0.435664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7258927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6791581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6650737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.64063215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67172668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622756","display_name":"Electricity meter","level":3,"score":0.61082804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.60860336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58921117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5589729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781353284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901676","display_name":"Usage data","level":2,"score":0.49666578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.47025955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.435664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4315884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.42065933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.40087718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.38756335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36130625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34307712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29542243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26833886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16048318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.15039071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1332834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11721304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08416599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/873/pdf?version=1581495898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42c19b0109d148a6970508f4df080e06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc7038690","pdf_url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc7038690?pdf=render","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Bioinformatics Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/873/pdf?version=1581495898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.91,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488813956","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1977632775","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2012611887","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2043568875","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2053667069","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2091874272","https://openalex.org/W2114346379","https://openalex.org/W2136463931","https://openalex.org/W2139949128","https://openalex.org/W2159945133","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2160873061","https://openalex.org/W2169027581","https://openalex.org/W2190883379","https://openalex.org/W2344138609","https://openalex.org/W2510850936","https://openalex.org/W2540689307","https://openalex.org/W2625210232","https://openalex.org/W2739846485","https://openalex.org/W2809294463","https://openalex.org/W2892302103","https://openalex.org/W2901160118","https://openalex.org/W2901995011","https://openalex.org/W2903334145","https://openalex.org/W2904810330","https://openalex.org/W2914340986","https://openalex.org/W2914351560","https://openalex.org/W2917950237","https://openalex.org/W2942779455","https://openalex.org/W2942901327","https://openalex.org/W2955938690","https://openalex.org/W2963184277","https://openalex.org/W2971690404","https://openalex.org/W3109254476","https://openalex.org/W4231029117","https://openalex.org/W4234384669","https://openalex.org/W4247105055","https://openalex.org/W4301382470","https://openalex.org/W6468916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396949634","https://openalex.org/W4362496811","https://openalex.org/W4313573824","https://openalex.org/W4313289295","https://openalex.org/W3202087458","https://openalex.org/W3170868388","https://openalex.org/W3016120340","https://openalex.org/W2943585925","https://openalex.org/W2703633741","https://openalex.org/W1483929671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"in":[3,148],"population":[4],"and":[5,14,48,62,150,153],"their":[6,70],"overall":[7],"reliance":[8],"on":[9,69,138],"the":[10,19,33,36,57,87,100,111,125,135,139,144,154,163,171],"usage":[11,34,59,90],"of":[12,35,72,82,127,157],"electrical":[13],"electronic":[15],"devices":[16],"have":[17],"increased":[18],"demand":[20],"for":[21,38,173],"energy":[22,27,58,73,83,102,129,158,174],"production.":[23],"It":[24],"needs":[25],"precise":[26],"management":[28],"systems":[29],"that":[30,98],"can":[31],"forecast":[32],"consumers":[37],"future":[39],"policymaking.":[40],"Embedded":[41],"smart":[42],"sensors":[43],"attached":[44],"to":[45,54,60,85,105,170],"electricity":[46,64,89,128],"meters":[47],"home":[49],"appliances":[50],"enable":[51],"power":[52],"suppliers":[53],"effectively":[55],"analyze":[56],"generate":[61],"distribute":[63],"into":[65,91,116],"residential":[66],"areas":[67],"based":[68],"level":[71],"consumption.":[74],"Therefore,":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"a":[79,95,167],"clustering-based":[80],"analysis":[81,137],"consumption":[84,103,130,159],"categorize":[86],"consumers'":[88],"different":[92],"levels.":[93],"First,":[94],"deep":[96],"autoencoder":[97],"transfers":[99],"low-dimensional":[101],"data":[104],"high-level":[106,112],"representations":[107,113],"was":[108],"trained.":[109],"Second,":[110],"were":[114,131,146,160],"fed":[115],"an":[117],"adaptive":[118],"self-organizing":[119],"map":[120],"(SOM)":[121],"clustering":[122],"algorithm.":[123],"Afterward,":[124],"levels":[126,156],"established":[132],"by":[133],"conducting":[134],"statistical":[136],"obtained":[140],"clustered":[141],"data.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"results":[145],"visualized":[147],"graphs":[149],"calendar":[151],"views,":[152],"predicted":[155],"plotted":[161],"over":[162],"city":[164],"map,":[165],"providing":[166],"compact":[168],"overview":[169],"providers":[172],"utilization":[175],"analysis.":[176]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3004492566","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-03-17T04:31:12.386004","created_date":"2020-02-14"}