{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362473603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071880","title":"Improved Geometric Optics with Topography (IGOT) Model for GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps Using Three-Scale Surface Roughness","display_name":"Improved Geometric Optics with Topography (IGOT) Model for GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps Using Three-Scale Surface Roughness","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362473603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1880/pdf?version=1680619464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1880/pdf?version=1680619464","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070381392","display_name":"Amer Melebari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-0845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amer Melebari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053663506","display_name":"James D. Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6774-5275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James D. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031307361","display_name":"Erik Hodges","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-163X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Hodges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051682678","display_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070381392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":1.711,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999895,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1880","last_page":"1880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.49272254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.87144154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.77287817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5379231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49340478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.49272254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.44530717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.43489414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.43091217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.41153228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3582086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2954844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21431717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.19344631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17937607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1710977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09065983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0855602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1880/pdf?version=1680619464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1880/pdf?version=1680619464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5,"display_name":"Life on land"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award_id":"80NSSC18K0704"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541518808","https://openalex.org/W1964525778","https://openalex.org/W2041184482","https://openalex.org/W2069082938","https://openalex.org/W2097434015","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2113130306","https://openalex.org/W2130174631","https://openalex.org/W2324269608","https://openalex.org/W2807220393","https://openalex.org/W2891102437","https://openalex.org/W2937021862","https://openalex.org/W2972272752","https://openalex.org/W2977321108","https://openalex.org/W2995265070","https://openalex.org/W3011237512","https://openalex.org/W3013137649","https://openalex.org/W3024756036","https://openalex.org/W3033445404","https://openalex.org/W3088411980","https://openalex.org/W3113919981","https://openalex.org/W3116231345","https://openalex.org/W3130704020","https://openalex.org/W3159229413","https://openalex.org/W3196114248","https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W4226330013","https://openalex.org/W4251488738","https://openalex.org/W4283728402","https://openalex.org/W4313045023","https://openalex.org/W4323896983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396749081","https://openalex.org/W4387714868","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W20579766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"multiple":[1],"efforts":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"made":[5],"to":[6,46,58,67,162],"model":[7,51,77,107,159],"global":[8],"navigation":[9],"satellite":[10],"system":[11],"(GNSS)-reflectometry":[12],"(GNSS-R)":[13],"delay-Doppler":[14],"maps":[15],"(DDMs)":[16],"over":[17,31,92,119],"land,":[18],"there":[19],"is":[20,70,108,160],"still":[21],"a":[22,71],"need":[23],"for":[24,54,94],"models":[25],"that":[26,156],"better":[27],"represent":[28],"the":[29,39,76,82,95,106,114,134,141,145,153,157],"signals":[30],"land":[32,93],"and":[33,63,133,144],"can":[34],"enable":[35],"reliable":[36],"retrievals":[37],"of":[38,97,105,152],"geophysical":[40,99],"variables.":[41],"Our":[42,79],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"improvements":[45],"an":[47],"existing":[48],"GNSS-R":[49,90],"DDM":[50,91,146],"by":[52],"accounting":[53],"short-wave":[55],"diffraction":[56],"due":[57,66],"small-scale":[59],"ground":[60],"surface":[61],"roughness":[62],"signal":[64],"attenuation":[65],"vegetation.":[68],"This":[69],"step":[72],"forward":[73],"in":[74,124],"increasing":[75],"fidelity.":[78],"model,":[80],"called":[81],"improved":[83],"geometric":[84],"optics":[85],"with":[86,123],"topography":[87],"(IGOT),":[88],"predicts":[89],"purpose":[96],"retrieving":[98],"parameters,":[100],"including":[101],"soil":[102,126],"moisture.":[103],"Validation":[104],"carried":[109],"out":[110],"using":[111],"DDMs":[112,166],"from":[113],"Cyclone":[115],"GNSS":[116],"(CYGNSS)":[117],"mission":[118],"two":[120,169],"validation":[121,170],"sites":[122],"situ":[125],"moisture":[127],"sensors:":[128],"Walnut":[129],"Gulch,":[130],"AZ,":[131],"USA,":[132],"Jornada":[135],"Experimental":[136],"Range,":[137],"NM,":[138],"USA.":[139],"Both":[140],"peak":[142],"reflectivity":[143],"shape":[147],"are":[148],"studied.":[149],"The":[150],"results":[151],"study":[154],"show":[155],"IGOT":[158],"able":[161],"accurately":[163],"predict":[164],"CYGNSS":[165],"at":[167],"these":[168],"sites.":[171]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4362473603","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2024-12-31T00:38:05.023209","created_date":"2023-04-05"}