{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200415234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010035","title":"Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analyses of Spaceborne GNSS-Reflectometry from Galileo and BeiDou Satellites","display_name":"Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analyses of Spaceborne GNSS-Reflectometry from Galileo and BeiDou Satellites","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200415234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/35/pdf?version=1640257991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/35/pdf?version=1640257991","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068381476","display_name":"Yang Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-4007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028970592","display_name":"Shirong Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-8119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shirong Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705110","display_name":"Jingnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-9113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070538976","display_name":"Bofeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-8955"},"institutions":[],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bofeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054062096","display_name":"Shuangcheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0357-5312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geology Engineering and Geomantic, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geology Engineering and Geomantic, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681440","display_name":"Weiqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132487946","display_name":"Institute of Space Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vbgty78","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132487946","https://openalex.org/I134820265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092024","display_name":"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6njn28","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain","Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132487946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028970592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.456,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.824172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":89},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"35","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.71846306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.52238756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.4476407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9153601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.71846306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.64653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.63552976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.52238756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.48954257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4625579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.44928622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.4476407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4323796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.41136765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.34713757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21761763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21470511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.15644428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07358903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.061635375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/35/pdf?version=1640257991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9986ce68562d491e8b30b20309c27954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/1/35/pdf?version=1640257991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.66}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577414714","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1923563908","https://openalex.org/W2025424371","https://openalex.org/W2036393665","https://openalex.org/W2036441721","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2128284341","https://openalex.org/W2128527387","https://openalex.org/W2296018493","https://openalex.org/W2308425384","https://openalex.org/W2524127322","https://openalex.org/W2573739355","https://openalex.org/W2737779888","https://openalex.org/W2745135761","https://openalex.org/W2972754538","https://openalex.org/W2986059179","https://openalex.org/W2995265070","https://openalex.org/W3085650993","https://openalex.org/W3116231345","https://openalex.org/W3120290072","https://openalex.org/W3169240906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387400587","https://openalex.org/W2963814634","https://openalex.org/W2546516037","https://openalex.org/W2524816934","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2364356564","https://openalex.org/W2159868000","https://openalex.org/W2134359053","https://openalex.org/W2111396174","https://openalex.org/W2109997931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,203,255],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Global":[3,133],"Navigation":[4,134],"Satellite":[5,135],"System":[6,136],"Reflectometry":[7],"(GNSS-R)":[8],"technology":[9],"has":[10],"made":[11],"considerable":[12],"progress":[13],"with":[14,37,242,250,295],"the":[15,22,30,38,58,70,76,83,88,101,106,122,151,169,181,191,194,198,201,205,225,228,262,287],"increasing":[16],"of":[17,24,32,42,57,75,87,100,108,150,193,200,207,227,289],"GNSS-R":[18,25,77,89,109,170,182,212,292],"satellites":[19,158],"in":[20],"orbit,":[21],"improvements":[23],"data":[26,78,126],"processing":[27],"technology,":[28],"and":[29,40,48,73,93,115,131,146,156,174,197,247,274],"expansion":[31],"its":[33],"geophysical":[34],"applications.":[35],"Meanwhile,":[36],"modernization":[39],"evolution":[41],"GNSS":[43,66,219],"systems,":[44,96],"more":[45,267],"signal":[46,49],"sources":[47],"modulation":[50],"modes":[51],"are":[52,139,159,176],"available.":[53],"The":[54,111,144],"effective":[55],"use":[56],"signals":[59,153,230,276],"at":[60],"different":[61,218],"frequencies":[62],"or":[63],"from":[64,91,121,127,154,163,172,184,297],"new":[65],"systems":[67],"can":[68,231,264,282],"improve":[69],"accuracy,":[71],"reliability,":[72],"resolution":[74],"products.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"analyses":[82],"signal-to-noise":[84],"ratio":[85],"(SNR)":[86],"measurements":[90,183],"Galileo":[92,114,155,173,275],"BeiDou-3":[94],"(BDS-3)":[95],"which":[97,186],"is":[98,214,222,258],"one":[99],"important":[102],"indicators":[103],"to":[104,161,190],"measure":[105],"quality":[107],"data.":[110],"multi-GNSS":[112,298],"(GPS,":[113],"BDS-3)":[116],"complex":[117],"waveform":[118],"products":[119],"generated":[120],"raw":[123],"intermediate":[124],"frequency":[125],"TechDemoSat-1":[128],"(TDS-1)":[129],"satellite":[130],"Cyclone":[132],"(CYGNSS)":[137],"constellation":[138],"used":[140],"for":[141,217,271,278,286],"such":[142],"analyses.":[143],"SNR":[145,148,213,226,263],"normalized":[147],"(NSNR)":[149],"reflected":[152,229,272],"BDS-3":[157,175,273],"compared":[160],"these":[162],"GPS.":[164,279],"Preliminary":[165],"results":[166,281],"show":[167],"that":[168,224,261],"SNRs":[171],"\u223c1\u20132":[177],"dB":[178,241,249],"lower":[179],"than":[180,277],"GPS,":[185],"could":[187],"be":[188,232,265],"due":[189],"power":[192,196],"transmitted":[195],"bandwidth":[199],"receiver.":[202],"addition,":[204,256],"effect":[206],"coherent":[208,237,245,253],"integration":[209,238,246],"time":[210,239],"on":[211],"also":[215,259],"assessed":[216],"signals.":[220],"It":[221],"shown":[223,260],"improved":[233,266],"by":[234],"using":[235],"longer":[236],"(\u223c0.4\u20130.8":[240],"2":[243],"ms":[244,252],"\u223c0.6\u20131.2":[248],"4":[251],"integration).":[254],"it":[257],"efficiently":[268],"(\u223c0.2\u20130.4":[269],"dB)":[270],"These":[280],"provide":[283],"useful":[284],"references":[285],"design":[288],"future":[290],"spaceborne":[291],"instrument":[293],"compatible":[294],"reflections":[296],"constellations.":[299]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4200415234","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-03-17T04:19:08.480167","created_date":"2021-12-31"}