{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3049675834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162634","title":"Climatology Characteristics of Ionospheric Irregularities Described with GNSS ROTI","display_name":"Climatology Characteristics of Ionospheric Irregularities Described with GNSS ROTI","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3049675834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162634","mag":"3049675834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/16/2634/pdf?version=1597765381","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/16/2634/pdf?version=1597765381","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052163060","display_name":"Kacper Kotulak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-0600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kacper Kotulak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056107742","display_name":"Irina Zakharenkova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-7275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Zakharenkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073570252","display_name":"Andrzej Krankowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-6222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Krankowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042327599","display_name":"Iurii Cherniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-7675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iurii Cherniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994539","display_name":"Ningbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-1885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058104485","display_name":"Adam Fro\u0144","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Fron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski St. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052163060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":1.846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999938,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"16","first_page":"2634","last_page":"2634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.70460355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.597781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5911586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.54295343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5082857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.43899962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4167315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39591694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.3582794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.35646856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.32658744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.27373803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15479541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12065053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/16/2634/pdf?version=1597765381","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7ce3cd7c3f541b5a9c61a36fe448755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/16/2634/pdf?version=1597765381","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","award_id":"2017/27/B/ ST10/02190"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","funder_display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","award_id":"DIR/WK/2016/2017/05-1"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","funder_display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","award_id":"59/E-383/SPUB/SP/2019.1"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","award_id":"WPC1/ARTEMIS/2019"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1756986362","https://openalex.org/W1822117460","https://openalex.org/W1871370877","https://openalex.org/W1900342918","https://openalex.org/W1969325760","https://openalex.org/W1970628490","https://openalex.org/W1976730911","https://openalex.org/W1977511826","https://openalex.org/W1993199003","https://openalex.org/W1993746118","https://openalex.org/W1997574807","https://openalex.org/W2009644785","https://openalex.org/W2035481044","https://openalex.org/W2049967499","https://openalex.org/W2053379811","https://openalex.org/W2061702807","https://openalex.org/W2074442049","https://openalex.org/W2076305882","https://openalex.org/W2089198329","https://openalex.org/W2102150948","https://openalex.org/W2125382137","https://openalex.org/W2132338983","https://openalex.org/W2150907701","https://openalex.org/W2151296816","https://openalex.org/W2165421589","https://openalex.org/W2168987504","https://openalex.org/W2170769955","https://openalex.org/W2270399283","https://openalex.org/W2612992435","https://openalex.org/W2742871709","https://openalex.org/W2798456470","https://openalex.org/W2800618584","https://openalex.org/W2800656052","https://openalex.org/W2801708874","https://openalex.org/W2916280847","https://openalex.org/W2995653012","https://openalex.org/W3003141538","https://openalex.org/W3008083349","https://openalex.org/W3106285783","https://openalex.org/W4240774641","https://openalex.org/W4248490241","https://openalex.org/W777411020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4377992958","https://openalex.org/W4211181610","https://openalex.org/W2770061914","https://openalex.org/W2550010074","https://openalex.org/W2388413386","https://openalex.org/W2170328996","https://openalex.org/W2005737353","https://openalex.org/W1994463517","https://openalex.org/W1992137669","https://openalex.org/W1989070650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0,240],"equatorial":[1],"and":[2,9,21,33,36,41,63,96,104,109,125,146,184,238,242,264],"high":[3,243],"latitudes,":[4],"the":[5,16,31,54,61,73,77,83,91,98,102,135,170,174,187,191,229,248,261,278,305,310],"intense":[6,150],"ionospheric":[7,66,154,193,219,251],"irregularities":[8,220,252],"plasma":[10],"density":[11],"gradients":[12],"can":[13],"seriously":[14],"affect":[15],"performances":[17],"of":[18,39,48,53,65,76,81,86,113,119,134,143,149,173,190,200,221,235,245,250,295,304],"radio":[19],"communication":[20,40],"satellite-based":[22],"navigation":[23,42],"systems;":[24],"that":[25,270],"represents":[26],"a":[27,163,273,291,302],"challenging":[28],"topic":[29],"for":[30,116,205,260],"scientific":[32],"engineering":[34],"communities":[35],"operational":[37],"use":[38],"services.":[43],"The":[44,153,218],"GNSS-based":[45],"ROTI":[46,78,114,271,307],"(rate":[47],"TEC":[49,87],"index)":[50],"is":[51],"one":[52],"most":[55],"widely":[56],"used":[57],"indices":[58],"to":[59,101,166,226,277,301],"monitor":[60],"occurrence":[62],"intensity":[64,223],"irregularities.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,209],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"examined":[72],"long-term":[74,111],"performance":[75],"in":[79,123],"terms":[80],"finding":[82],"climatological":[84],"characteristics":[85],"fluctuations.":[88],"We":[89,107,268],"considered":[90],"different":[92,141],"scale":[93],"temporal":[94],"signatures":[95],"checked":[97],"general":[99],"sensitivity":[100,276],"solar":[103,137,144,246],"geomagnetic":[105,151,236,317],"activity.":[106],"retrieved":[108],"analyzed":[110],"time-series":[112],"values":[115,308],"two":[117],"chains":[118],"GNSS":[120],"stations":[121],"located":[122],"European":[124],"North-American":[126],"regions.":[127],"This":[128],"analysis":[129],"covers":[130],"three":[131],"full":[132],"years":[133],"24th":[136],"cycle,":[138],"which":[139,299],"represent":[140],"levels":[142,234,244],"activity":[145,237],"include":[147],"periods":[148],"storms.":[152],"irregularities\u2019":[155],"geographical":[156],"distribution,":[157],"as":[158],"derived":[159],"from":[160],"ROTI,":[161],"shows":[162],"reasonable":[164],"consistency":[165],"be":[167],"found":[168,225,269],"within":[169,228,290,309],"poleward/equatorward":[171],"boundaries":[172],"auroral":[175,230,279,311],"oval":[176,231,312],"specified":[177],"by":[178],"empirical":[179],"models.":[180],"During":[181],"magnetic":[182,202,216,297],"midnight":[183],"quiet-time":[185],"conditions,":[186],"equatorward":[188,315],"boundary":[189,210],"ROTI-derived":[192],"irregularity":[194],"zone":[195,313],"was":[196,211,288],"observed":[197,289],"at":[198,214,232],"65\u201370\u00b0":[199],"north":[201],"latitude,":[203,298],"while":[204],"local":[206,256,262],"noon":[207],"conditions":[208,258],"more":[212],"poleward":[213],"75\u201385":[215],"latitude.":[217],"low-to-moderate":[222],"were":[224],"occur":[227],"all":[233],"seasons.":[239],"moderate":[241],"activity,":[247],"intensities":[249],"are":[253],"larger":[254],"during":[255,316],"winter":[257],"than":[259],"summer":[263],"polar":[265],"day":[266],"conditions.":[267],"displays":[272],"selective":[274],"latitudinal":[275,293],"electrojet":[280],"activity\u2014the":[281],"strongest":[282],"dependence":[283],"(correlation":[284],"R":[285],">":[286],"0.6\u20130.8)":[287],"narrow":[292],"range":[294],"55\u201370\u00b0N":[296],"corresponded":[300],"band":[303],"largest":[306],"expanded":[314],"disturbances.":[318]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3049675834","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-01-07T21:51:51.518005","created_date":"2020-08-21"}