{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037492164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122005","title":"Machine Learning Classification Ensemble of Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Images: The Case of a Mixed Mediterranean Ecosystem","display_name":"Machine Learning Classification Ensemble of Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Images: The Case of a Mixed Mediterranean Ecosystem","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037492164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122005","mag":"3037492164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2005/pdf?version=1592842766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2005/pdf?version=1592842766","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067248842","display_name":"Christos Vasilakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-2986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christos Vasilakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016857173","display_name":"Dimitris Kavroudakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5782-3049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Kavroudakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017250124","display_name":"Aikaterini Georganta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98805295","display_name":"University of the Aegean","ror":"https://ror.org/03zsp3p94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aikaterini Georganta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067248842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98805295"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707,"provenance":"doaj"},"fwci":4.654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999843,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"2005","last_page":"2005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohens-kappa","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","score":0.654133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land Cover","score":0.6431805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble Learning","score":0.5281137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-voting","display_name":"Weighted voting","score":0.4537355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7730161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.67940784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6685492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6630464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.654133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6431805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6304452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.53290135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5281137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.49933672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48173025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45630354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.4537355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.42664513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.32197964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2263313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2005/pdf?version=1592842766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6af683c6e0264926ab3e6fd33db945ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122005","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2005/pdf?version=1592842766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.54}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605688901","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1922658220","https://openalex.org/W1958891813","https://openalex.org/W1976454692","https://openalex.org/W1978034823","https://openalex.org/W1981399499","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W1992024126","https://openalex.org/W1992408997","https://openalex.org/W1999410614","https://openalex.org/W2014740640","https://openalex.org/W2018732570","https://openalex.org/W2034816582","https://openalex.org/W2035549557","https://openalex.org/W2036389990","https://openalex.org/W2036632898","https://openalex.org/W2039886821","https://openalex.org/W2051812123","https://openalex.org/W2063037906","https://openalex.org/W2065800647","https://openalex.org/W2076627662","https://openalex.org/W2076656703","https://openalex.org/W2078619499","https://openalex.org/W2079454091","https://openalex.org/W2084362125","https://openalex.org/W2084502283","https://openalex.org/W2084668217","https://openalex.org/W2086148793","https://openalex.org/W2086224283","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2088941391","https://openalex.org/W2092002643","https://openalex.org/W2098653311","https://openalex.org/W2102367014","https://openalex.org/W2103699041","https://openalex.org/W2109191549","https://openalex.org/W2115629999","https://openalex.org/W2123314391","https://openalex.org/W2124706543","https://openalex.org/W2125724410","https://openalex.org/W2130269771","https://openalex.org/W2146126838","https://openalex.org/W2149445133","https://openalex.org/W2155433618","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2158770403","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2163241395","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2172009270","https://openalex.org/W2185283444","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2317339837","https://openalex.org/W2341130385","https://openalex.org/W2391603232","https://openalex.org/W2405365025","https://openalex.org/W2438868494","https://openalex.org/W2516589589","https://openalex.org/W2557147841","https://openalex.org/W2598998899","https://openalex.org/W2603834682","https://openalex.org/W2621663019","https://openalex.org/W2739057980","https://openalex.org/W2742982421","https://openalex.org/W2752367870","https://openalex.org/W2775069442","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2792055700","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2795553744","https://openalex.org/W2802685919","https://openalex.org/W2802872875","https://openalex.org/W2803051956","https://openalex.org/W2891367133","https://openalex.org/W2963966579","https://openalex.org/W2969945043","https://openalex.org/W2996836954","https://openalex.org/W2998592969","https://openalex.org/W2999964161","https://openalex.org/W3002769825","https://openalex.org/W3005790354","https://openalex.org/W3005814862","https://openalex.org/W3011934942","https://openalex.org/W3022120566","https://openalex.org/W3027542479","https://openalex.org/W3030256392","https://openalex.org/W3102619772","https://openalex.org/W3104925044","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4232118355","https://openalex.org/W4239510810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4361733484","https://openalex.org/W4256395896","https://openalex.org/W4205397888","https://openalex.org/W2380748039","https://openalex.org/W2057416691","https://openalex.org/W2052615004","https://openalex.org/W2046975922","https://openalex.org/W2016802069","https://openalex.org/W1981866886","https://openalex.org/W1760344465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"cover":[1,95],"type":[2,36],"classification":[3,71],"still":[4],"remains":[5],"an":[6,175,199,209],"active":[7],"research":[8],"topic":[9],"while":[10],"new":[11],"sensors":[12,44],"and":[13,25,32,48,65,83,119,125,141],"methods":[14,86,180],"become":[15],"available.":[16],"Applications":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"environmental":[20],"monitoring,":[21],"natural":[22],"resource":[23],"management,":[24],"change":[26],"detection":[27],"require":[28],"more":[29],"accurate,":[30],"detailed,":[31],"constantly":[33],"updated":[34],"land-cover":[35],"mapping.":[37],"These":[38],"needs":[39],"are":[40,123],"fulfilled":[41],"by":[42],"newer":[43],"with":[45,52,61,127,162],"high":[46,62],"spatial":[47],"spectral":[49],"resolution":[50,67],"along":[51],"modern":[53],"data":[54,60,81],"processing":[55],"algorithms.":[56],"Sentinel-2":[57,89],"sensor":[58],"provides":[59],"spatial,":[63],"spectral,":[64],"temporal":[66],"for":[68,92],"the":[69,98,132,149,152,159,171,184,187],"in":[70,97,148,174],"of":[72,102,134,151,164,186,220],"highly":[73],"fragmented":[74],"landscape.":[75],"This":[76],"study":[77,191],"applies":[78],"six":[79],"traditional":[80],"classifiers":[82,122,130,161,173],"nine":[84,128],"ensemble":[85,129,172,200,213],"on":[87,131,193,223],"multitemporal":[88],"image":[90],"datasets":[91],"identifying":[93],"land":[94],"types":[96],"heterogeneous":[99],"Mediterranean":[100],"landscape":[101],"Lesvos":[103],"Island,":[104],"Greece.":[105],"Support":[106,155,166],"vector":[107,156,167],"machine,":[108],"random":[109],"forest,":[110],"artificial":[111],"neural":[112],"network,":[113],"decision":[114],"tree,":[115],"linear":[116],"discriminant":[117],"analysis,":[118],"k-nearest":[120],"neighbor":[121],"applied":[124],"compared":[126],"basis":[133],"different":[135,195],"voting":[136,153,179],"methods.":[137,154],"kappa":[138,163],"statistic,":[139],"F1-score,":[140],"Matthews":[142],"correlation":[143],"coefficient":[144],"metrics":[145,196],"were":[146],"used":[147],"assembly":[150],"machine":[157,168],"outperformed":[158,170],"base":[160,206],"0.91.":[165],"also":[169],"unseen":[176],"dataset.":[177],"Five":[178],"performed":[181],"better":[182],"than":[183],"rest":[185],"classifiers.":[188],"A":[189],"diversity":[190,225],"based":[192,222],"four":[194],"revealed":[197],"that":[198],"can":[201],"be":[202],"avoided":[203],"if":[204],"a":[205,217,224],"classifier":[207],"shows":[208],"identifiable":[210],"superiority.":[211],"Therefore,":[212],"approaches":[214],"should":[215],"include":[216],"careful":[218],"selection":[219],"base-classifiers":[221],"analysis.":[226]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3037492164","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-01-07T21:55:14.693040","created_date":"2020-07-02"}