{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385894651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.27","title":"Automatic Classification of Legal Violations in Cookie Banner Texts","display_name":"Automatic Classification of Legal Violations in Cookie Banner Texts","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385894651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.27"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.27","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2022.nllp-1.27.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2022.nllp-1.27.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092653088","display_name":"Marieke Van Hofslot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marieke Van Hofslot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027028450","display_name":"Alk\u0131m Alm\u0131la Akda\u011f Salah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7204-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almila Akdag Salah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027041248","display_name":"Albert Gatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-8244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Gatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University Information and Computing Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065745449","display_name":"Cristiana Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-2038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristiana Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utrecht University Faculty of Law"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University Faculty of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.297,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.851688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":85,"max":87},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9878,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9828,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banner","display_name":"Banner","score":0.8911704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directive","display_name":"Directive","score":0.62960315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157572991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806880","display_name":"Banner","level":2,"score":0.8911704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.64759433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121492","display_name":"Directive","level":2,"score":0.62960315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4639532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.456159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.41834646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32253414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13448235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.27","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2022.nllp-1.27.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.27","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/2022.nllp-1.27.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.54}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2489406233","https://openalex.org/W2795529671","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2956800042","https://openalex.org/W2970200208","https://openalex.org/W3000190958","https://openalex.org/W3034608141","https://openalex.org/W3094784499","https://openalex.org/W3099950029","https://openalex.org/W3145279287","https://openalex.org/W3173730228","https://openalex.org/W3175550992","https://openalex.org/W3214899401","https://openalex.org/W4224050048","https://openalex.org/W4225875176","https://openalex.org/W4288088047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214718513","https://openalex.org/W2977786346","https://openalex.org/W2387841438","https://openalex.org/W2383322307","https://openalex.org/W2377759158","https://openalex.org/W2371570753","https://openalex.org/W2361862183","https://openalex.org/W2359886812","https://openalex.org/W2354945710","https://openalex.org/W2000513236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cookie":[0],"banners":[1,23],"are":[2,131],"designed":[3],"to":[4],"request":[5],"consent":[6],"from":[7],"website":[8],"visitors":[9],"for":[10,77],"their":[11],"personal":[12],"data.":[13],"Recent":[14],"research":[15],"suggest":[16],"that":[17,71,106],"a":[18,66,95],"high":[19],"percentage":[20],"of":[21,65,85,108],"cookie":[22,50,68],"violate":[24],"legal":[25,78],"regulations":[26],"as":[27],"defined":[28],"by":[29,74,133],"the":[30,37,86,109,112,124,134,138,142],"General":[31],"Data":[32],"Protection":[33],"Regulation":[34],"(GDPR)":[35],"and":[36,52,80,98,121,137],"ePrivacy":[38],"Directive.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43],"focus":[44],"on":[45],"language":[46],"used":[47],"in":[48,94,114,118,141],"these":[49,54],"banners,":[51],"whether":[53],"violations":[55,79],"can":[56],"be":[57],"automatically":[58],"detected,":[59],"or":[60],"not.":[61],"We":[62],"make":[63],"use":[64],"small":[67,135],"banner":[69],"dataset":[70],"is":[72],"annotated":[73],"five":[75],"experts":[76],"test":[81],"it":[82],"with":[83,100],"state":[84],"art":[87],"classification":[88],"models,":[89],"namely":[90],"BERT,":[91],"LEGAL-BERT,":[92],"BART":[93],"zero-shot":[96],"setting":[97],"BERT":[99,120],"LIWC":[101],"embeddings.":[102],"Our":[103],"results":[104,127],"show":[105],"none":[107],"models":[110],"outperform":[111],"others":[113],"all":[115],"classes,":[116],"but":[117],"general,":[119],"LEGAL-BERT":[122],"provide":[123],"highest":[125],"accuracy":[126],"(70%-97%).":[128],"However,":[129],"they":[130],"influenced":[132],"size":[136],"unbalanced":[139],"distributions":[140],"dataset.":[143]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385894651","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-01-02T12:16:44.583195","created_date":"2023-08-18"}