{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388841212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","title":"Exploring cross-cultural and gender differences in facial expressions: a skin tone analysis using RGB Values","display_name":"Exploring cross-cultural and gender differences in facial expressions: a skin tone analysis using RGB Values","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388841212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102443687","display_name":"Sajid Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130814776","display_name":"University of Okara","ror":"https://ror.org/02fmg6q11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130814776","https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027585664","display_name":"Muhammad Sharoze Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096473","display_name":"Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00vmr6593","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012582","display_name":"Institute of Southern Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/05fvxrd95","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012582"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sharoze Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Southern Punjab, Bosan Road, Multan, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Southern Punjab, Bosan Road, Multan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096473","https://openalex.org/I4391012582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083121144","display_name":"Asad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-0418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Metaverse Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Metaverse Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045357012","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Sarwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IOT Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOT Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104200625","display_name":"MS Syam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MS Syam","raw_affiliation_strings":["IOT Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOT Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039996731","display_name":"Muhammad Aamir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7679-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10011244","display_name":"Huanggang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/007gf6e19","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aamir","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10011244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091859381","display_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058485751","display_name":"Hend Khalid Alkahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-5267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hend Khalid Alkahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063114495","display_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samih M. Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083121144","https://openalex.org/A5058485751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034","https://openalex.org/I106778892"],"apc_list":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"apc_paid":{"value":990,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1214},"fwci":0.851,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.538118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":76,"max":82},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.965,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.9649,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.44229466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification","score":0.42434466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.57417464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4713594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4594418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.44229466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42434466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.41848433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191988596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628374","display_name":"Null hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.4103614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34938228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34092906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32443687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2892464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","pdf_url":"https://journalofcloudcomputing.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13677-023-00550-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.47,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964981411","https://openalex.org/W2063560313","https://openalex.org/W2076365081","https://openalex.org/W2084480028","https://openalex.org/W2582288209","https://openalex.org/W2765770005","https://openalex.org/W2791165182","https://openalex.org/W3010742051","https://openalex.org/W3019359258","https://openalex.org/W3042424067","https://openalex.org/W3095373156","https://openalex.org/W3120785768","https://openalex.org/W3148181069","https://openalex.org/W3180419441","https://openalex.org/W3183127766","https://openalex.org/W3196334918","https://openalex.org/W3205765769","https://openalex.org/W4225319149","https://openalex.org/W4285267073","https://openalex.org/W4291278543","https://openalex.org/W4292981732","https://openalex.org/W4293195550","https://openalex.org/W4309701552","https://openalex.org/W4319081221","https://openalex.org/W4322627364","https://openalex.org/W4362591703","https://openalex.org/W4365801669","https://openalex.org/W4366826709","https://openalex.org/W4377101066","https://openalex.org/W4379882795","https://openalex.org/W4379929708","https://openalex.org/W4381598461","https://openalex.org/W4382983338","https://openalex.org/W4383556583","https://openalex.org/W4385210537","https://openalex.org/W4385454542","https://openalex.org/W4385896757","https://openalex.org/W4386225815","https://openalex.org/W4386933640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2372714829","https://openalex.org/W2358990940","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2075740387","https://openalex.org/W2069592018","https://openalex.org/W2004323682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Facial":[1],"expressions":[2],"serve":[3],"as":[4,115,156,179,186],"crucial":[5],"indicators":[6],"of":[7,43,104,106,112,146,191,203,221,278],"an":[8],"individual's":[9],"psychological":[10],"state,":[11],"playing":[12],"a":[13,31,195,233,252,261,275],"pivotal":[14],"role":[15],"in":[16,49,85,238,267,295],"face-to-face":[17],"communication.":[18],"This":[19],"research":[20,62,151,294],"focuses":[21],"on":[22,142,224],"advancing":[23],"collaboration":[24],"between":[25,255,282],"machines":[26],"and":[27,55,59,76,109,128,148,164,167,175,184,212,257,286,298],"humans":[28],"by":[29,125],"undertaking":[30],"thorough":[32],"investigation":[33],"into":[34,40],"facial":[35,283],"expressions.":[36],"Specifically,":[37],"we":[38],"delve":[39],"the":[41,80,102,110,143,150,219,242,279],"analysis":[42,145],"emotional":[44,269],"variations":[45],"related":[46],"to":[47,172,199,274],"changes":[48],"skin":[50,134],"tone":[51],"across":[52,66,89],"different":[53,222],"genders":[54],"cultural":[56,287],"backgrounds":[57,211],"(Black":[58],"white).":[60],"The":[61,136,189,205],"methodology":[63],"is":[64,74],"structured":[65],"three":[67],"phases.":[68],"In":[69],"Phase":[70,99,139],"I,":[71],"image":[72],"data":[73],"acquired":[75],"meticulously":[77],"processed":[78],"from":[79,117],"Chicago":[81],"face":[82],"dataset,":[83],"resulting":[84],"12,402":[86],"augmented":[87],"images":[88],"five":[90],"classes":[91],"(Normal":[92],"case,":[93,95],"Benign":[94],"Adenocarcinoma,":[96],"Squamous-cell-carcinoma,":[97],"Large-cell-carcinoma).":[98],"II":[100],"involves":[101],"identification":[103],"Regions":[105],"Interest":[107],"(ROI)":[108],"extraction":[111],"RGB":[113],"values":[114,178],"features":[116],"these":[118,268],"ROIs.":[119],"Various":[120],"methods,":[121],"including":[122],"those":[123],"proposed":[124],"Kovac,":[126],"Swift,":[127],"Saleh,":[129],"are":[130,170],"employed":[131],"for":[132,162,264,292],"precise":[133],"identification.":[135],"final":[137],"phase,":[138],"III,":[140],"centers":[141],"in-depth":[144],"emotions":[147,185],"presents":[149],"findings.":[152],"Statistical":[153],"techniques,":[154],"such":[155],"Descriptive":[157],"statistics,":[158],"independent":[159],"sample":[160],"T-tests":[161],"gender":[163,183,213],"cross-cultural":[165,210],"comparisons,":[166],"two-way":[168],"ANOVA,":[169],"applied":[171],"RED,":[173],"BLUE,":[174],"GREEN":[176],"pixel":[177,216,225,247],"response":[180],"variables,":[181],"with":[182],"explanatory":[187],"variables.":[188],"rejection":[190],"null":[192],"hypotheses":[193],"prompts":[194],"Post":[196],"Hoc":[197],"test":[198],"discern":[200],"significant":[201,253],"pairs":[202],"means.":[204],"results":[206,231],"indicate":[207],"that":[208,245],"both":[209],"significantly":[214],"influence":[215],"colors,":[217],"underscoring":[218],"impact":[220],"localities":[223],"coloration.":[226],"Across":[227],"various":[228],"expressions,":[229,284],"our":[230],"exhibit":[232,251],"minimal":[234],"0.05%":[235],"error":[236],"rate":[237],"all":[239],"classifications.":[240],"Notably,":[241],"study":[243],"reveals":[244],"green":[246,265],"color":[248],"does":[249],"not":[250],"difference":[254],"Anger":[256],"Neutral":[258],"emotions,":[259],"suggesting":[260],"near-identical":[262],"appearance":[263],"pixels":[266],"states.":[270],"These":[271],"findings":[272],"contribute":[273],"nuanced":[276],"understanding":[277],"intricate":[280],"relationship":[281],"gender,":[285],"backgrounds,":[288],"providing":[289],"valuable":[290],"insights":[291],"future":[293],"human\u2013machine":[296],"interaction":[297],"emotion":[299],"recognition.":[300]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388841212","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-04-04T22:44:24.718869","created_date":"2023-11-21"}