{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385246010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00410","title":"The Elements of Intelligence","display_name":"The Elements of Intelligence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385246010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00410","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031224365","display_name":"Christoph Adami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-9504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Adami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. adami@msu.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. adami@msu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031224365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.952,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.784749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"293","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentience","display_name":"Sentience","score":0.6627289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial General Intelligence","score":0.49324864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780865100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488994","display_name":"Sentience","level":2,"score":0.6627289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6543697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.62158734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5732137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.49324864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.4740607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.39843982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1981048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2181302","display_name":"Artificial Life","issn_l":"1064-5462","issn":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37490705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552401333","https://openalex.org/W1591713425","https://openalex.org/W1896824914","https://openalex.org/W1982075253","https://openalex.org/W1984383922","https://openalex.org/W1998567810","https://openalex.org/W2009942101","https://openalex.org/W2015005084","https://openalex.org/W2043220715","https://openalex.org/W2054536819","https://openalex.org/W2068588832","https://openalex.org/W2074499097","https://openalex.org/W2096375888","https://openalex.org/W2108621027","https://openalex.org/W2127681197","https://openalex.org/W2128569326","https://openalex.org/W2136660863","https://openalex.org/W2138642090","https://openalex.org/W2140976389","https://openalex.org/W2144225695","https://openalex.org/W2150865801","https://openalex.org/W2166110729","https://openalex.org/W2169855213","https://openalex.org/W2259938310","https://openalex.org/W2288095892","https://openalex.org/W2289581376","https://openalex.org/W2521498123","https://openalex.org/W2754697621","https://openalex.org/W2769559856","https://openalex.org/W2790004104","https://openalex.org/W2798445359","https://openalex.org/W2884970631","https://openalex.org/W2963980900","https://openalex.org/W2978329087","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W2994602346","https://openalex.org/W3004042307","https://openalex.org/W3005214341","https://openalex.org/W3100183562","https://openalex.org/W3105906550","https://openalex.org/W3186782505","https://openalex.org/W3209636687","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4234331195","https://openalex.org/W4239403073","https://openalex.org/W4241976975","https://openalex.org/W4253667136","https://openalex.org/W4280513606","https://openalex.org/W4281258587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4211188312","https://openalex.org/W3187419061","https://openalex.org/W2753017648","https://openalex.org/W2513760693","https://openalex.org/W2149544884","https://openalex.org/W2133485962","https://openalex.org/W2062819913","https://openalex.org/W2001662723","https://openalex.org/W1988770400","https://openalex.org/W1001771077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"machines":[1],"ever":[2,206],"be":[3,11,80,173,207,222,361,726,736,1171,1320,1603,1708,1893,2186,2280,2338,2387,2427,2530,2687,2898,3049,3360,3509,3726,3769,3872,4033,4125,4159,4233,4498,4521],"sentient?":[4],"Could":[5],"they":[6,469,556,1228,1343,1452,1530,3115,3160,4562],"perceive":[7,346,714,1427],"and":[8,35,104,109,210,277,279,295,312,323,359,369,442,461,499,521,538,548,582,593,595,614,638,650,692,705,711,749,785,840,998,1063,1065,1182,1239,1329,1506,1539,1619,1682,1891,1895,1908,1941,1952,2094,2141,2297,2401,2422,2468,2488,2608,2751,2829,2871,3085,3143,3145,3238,3323,3401,3440,3459,3561,3587,3681,3718,3907,3921,3943,3983,4025,4068,4129,4140,4208,4313,4721],"feel":[9],"things,":[10,731],"conscious":[12],"of":[13,20,52,54,71,89,98,158,191,213,236,333,339,395,406,424,435,440,477,482,501,507,543,553,560,577,601,609,629,654,690,703,783,811,863,874,894,924,931,936,959,966,977,986,1024,1044,1070,1133,1147,1236,1255,1279,1282,1289,1316,1326,1352,1380,1420,1432,1441,1450,1476,1479,1492,1588,1593,1608,1653,1659,1677,1817,1821,1827,1850,1856,1918,1935,1961,1972,2002,2004,2014,2028,2192,2199,2206,2210,2271,2324,2334,2355,2365,2380,2392,2471,2484,2509,2651,2674,2735,2740,2760,2794,2821,2824,2849,2873,2892,2967,2985,3007,3024,3059,3062,3091,3101,3119,3198,3202,3220,3304,3420,3454,3469,3472,3482,3487,3499,3540,3545,3574,3618,3665,3742,3750,3762,3791,3904,3954,4037,4065,4145,4154,4188,4260,4285,4287,4295,4298,4321,4350,4352,4383,4442,4490,4527,4547,4590,4595,4598,4706,4711,4719,4829],"their":[14,693,3108],"surroundings?":[15],"What":[16,26,129],"are":[17,27,229,246,505,526,550,557,585,715,792,869,1107,1203,1244,1250,1344,1404,1981,2021,2997,3079,4087,4148,4169,4332,4370,4542,4789],"the":[18,28,50,69,87,96,106,176,188,196,227,234,249,265,268,281,297,321,325,342,347,350,357,373,402,407,445,451,454,458,462,465,478,497,522,561,575,580,599,607,610,627,655,686,709,745,790,800,809,921,934,957,961,964,975,982,1012,1022,1042,1057,1071,1083,1131,1145,1152,1161,1193,1200,1210,1213,1256,1280,1294,1324,1369,1381,1384,1398,1423,1438,1477,1490,1493,1501,1518,1520,1526,1535,1545,1551,1568,1576,1586,1590,1614,1617,1715,1729,1734,1762,1815,1818,1838,1848,1854,1862,1865,1882,1887,1898,1911,1916,1928,1948,1962,1970,2000,2026,2043,2056,2061,2074,2077,2083,2100,2115,2146,2182,2202,2207,2211,2249,2258,2264,2269,2288,2341,2358,2370,2413,2436,2455,2465,2469,2472,2477,2482,2485,2489,2493,2506,2527,2541,2555,2563,2567,2572,2578,2585,2591,2609,2614,2635,2640,2652,2655,2681,2702,2729,2732,2736,2747,2752,2758,2761,2795,2819,2827,2835,2840,2855,2869,2874,2877,2893,2929,2936,2968,2983,2994,3000,3004,3008,3025,3057,3060,3063,3073,3080,3089,3099,3124,3128,3158,3164,3172,3183,3199,3203,3235,3239,3251,3277,3294,3301,3308,3317,3329,3351,3362,3368,3374,3377,3385,3389,3418,3421,3423,3437,3449,3456,3465,3480,3483,3490,3496,3500,3510,3515,3521,3528,3531,3535,3541,3558,3562,3571,3575,3580,3597,3602,3606,3615,3619,3622,3627,3632,3642,3669,3676,3690,3697,3706,3740,3748,3760,3876,3988,4052,4091,4099,4104,4119,4131,4142,4146,4155,4163,4167,4174,4185,4189,4197,4206,4216,4222,4226,4242,4248,4252,4256,4274,4288,4314,4319,4322,4326,4340,4348,4353,4358,4363,4366,4373,4378,4381,4384,4396,4433,4440,4454,4462,4473,4479,4525,4533,4548,4556,4573,4575,4580,4588,4606,4620,4639,4647,4656,4673,4680,4685,4695,4704,4709,4724,4731,4739,4748,4753,4757,4764,4787,4793,4796,4800,4811,4823,4827],"prospects":[19],"achieving":[21,90],"sentience":[22],"in":[23,65,113,248,270,275,337,433,464,536,539,685,744,751,766,789,808,951,1011,1056,1082,1140,1166,1188,1259,1338,1371,1458,1466,1580,1616,1664,1684,1697,1746,1753,1773,1861,1881,1886,1915,1931,1987,2022,2055,2102,2128,2165,2239,2298,2461,2613,2697,2724,2771,2800,2839,2909,2911,2913,2976,3163,3196,3271,3313,3320,3332,3520,3525,3538,3564,3673,3778,3865,3935,4015,4042,4089,4224,4300,4572,4715,4795,4815],"a":[24,44,123,208,254,330,393,421,680,688,700,721,760,795,830,846,856,891,929,944,1025,1091,1093,1101,1175,1221,1234,1269,1286,1309,1312,1330,1358,1417,1429,1454,1473,1480,1486,1559,1573,1606,1623,1674,1685,1690,1698,1711,1825,1841,2066,2130,2166,2237,2243,2346,2351,2363,2390,2395,2423,2448,2502,2534,2548,2582,2588,2620,2624,2707,2779,2822,2942,3044,3052,3117,3135,3154,3209,3217,3338,3394,3470,3552,3583,3719,3859,3867,3966,4007,4063,4110,4137,4178,4181,4291,4296,4303,4310,4329,4335,4390,4421,4429,4446,4466,4487,4501,4517,4566,4591,4596,4624,4691,4716,4743,4770],"machine?":[25],"dangers":[29],"associated":[30],"with":[31,86,292,401,695,820,849,974,1067,1198,1758,1794,1897,2301,2521,2533,2749,2754,2883,3393,3582,3747,3863,4420,4500],"such":[32,43,817,1266,1402,2129,2335,2887,3473,4018],"an":[33,137,143,181,493,805,1135,2070,2318,2398,2402,2670,2889,2986,3179,3205,3256,3272,3445,3577,3589,3709,3736,3774,3848,3901,3905,3932,4034,4202,4450],"endeavor,":[34],"is":[36,130,141,180,193,201,216,253,310,314,397,472,646,661,677,759,890,917,1089,1126,1130,1185,1220,1264,1308,1346,1354,1394,1489,1500,1507,1578,1622,1649,1721,1812,1829,1845,1870,1884,1921,1927,1974,1978,2008,2016,2133,2143,2172,2201,2214,2241,2266,2284,2305,2315,2362,2417,2452,2511,2515,2550,2581,2611,2657,2669,2679,2808,2814,2866,2895,2904,2907,2931,2938,2963,2971,2978,3029,3110,3130,3244,3285,3312,3319,3331,3337,3353,3382,3391,3410,3452,3479,3506,3527,3548,3551,3567,3614,3651,3675,3686,3705,3715,3854,3889,3899,3919,3931,3973,3980,4005,4039,4079,4135,4184,4239,4247,4264,4316,4399,4435,4458,4465,4475,4537,4545,4613,4668,4689,4703,4723,4727,4769,4779],"it":[37,200,215,272,283,299,448,660,678,1169,1629,1953,1955,1995,2053,2120,2132,2142,2171,2227,2684,2813,2865,2962,3017,3185,3191,3311,3650,3757,3853,4263,4271,4342,4636,4667],"even":[38,841,1412,1465,1804,3031],"ethical":[39],"to":[40,46,67,74,126,135,184,194,232,263,286,306,319,329,345,356,389,419,429,484,643,725,728,735,738,741,755,773,825,828,871,887,912,918,970,1020,1112,1173,1196,1205,1224,1319,1322,1373,1383,1397,1485,1509,1528,1544,1549,1626,1635,1637,1680,1694,1750,1756,1837,1847,1872,1906,1909,1945,1984,2024,2045,2135,2138,2159,2175,2185,2188,2252,2262,2267,2285,2290,2321,2349,2373,2419,2481,2529,2559,2590,2617,2647,2659,2661,2690,2705,2715,2803,2810,2817,2897,2927,2981,2991,3020,3041,3133,3233,3359,3366,3508,3554,3557,3570,3601,3716,3725,3781,3857,3861,3871,3881,3913,3959,3977,3986,4057,4161,4177,4195,4200,4210,4241,4279,4302,4309,4317,4376,4424,4453,4505,4516,4530,4628,4670,4781],"embark":[41],"on":[42,155,372,379,903,1031,1158,2065,2082,2854,2876,3033,3216,3263,3282,3845,3886,3917,3949,4041,4082,4114,4172,4205,4579,4587,4619,4661,4756,4783],"path":[45,61],"begin":[47],"with?":[48],"In":[49,132,146,866,906,1143,1190,1268,1779,1876,2041,2357,2409,3356,3874,4328],"series":[51,2676,2768],"articles":[53],"this":[55,140,149,864,878,885,904,1774,1782,1810,2152,2304,2361,2410,2553,2632,2787,2934,3381,3408,3413,3640,3666,3684,4077,4277,4443,4483,4528],"column,":[56],"I":[57,242,573,596,632,823,882,979,1098,1937,2665,2790,3702,3946,3963,4050],"discuss":[58,244,597,901,1938,2791,3965],"one":[59,476,667,879,1069,1265,1488,2378,3516,3951,4061,4127],"possible":[60,1956,2382,3019,3497,4354,4669,4712],"toward":[62],"\"general":[63],"intelligence\"":[64],"machines:":[66],"use":[68,981],"process":[70,1079,1235,1281],"Darwinian":[72],"evolution":[73,1478,1491,1587,1654],"produce":[75],"artificial":[76,114,4280],"brains":[77,2773,2802,3790,4044],"that":[78,178,187,203,219,230,241,251,259,354,416,447,468,524,533,546,579,603,626,631,657,663,679,763,787,798,837,884,898,1028,1059,1106,1184,1202,1292,1302,1306,1334,1364,1376,1392,1411,1566,1584,1645,1687,1727,1780,1790,1830,1844,1957,1977,1991,2096,2105,2145,2168,2277,2368,2435,2628,2764,2834,2852,2868,2970,2993,3038,3055,3072,3150,3177,3213,3260,3275,3279,3299,3327,3373,3407,3415,3432,3443,3513,3530,3594,3625,3652,3659,3783,3839,3878,3972,4070,4076,4093,4103,4228,4254,4395,4411,4471,4510,4514,4523,4554,4646,4658,4663,4672,4803,4810],"can":[79,360,449,665,1029,1300,1426,1602,1641,1707,1892,2276,2337,2386,2426,2597,2685,2784,2881,3048,3214,3225,3261,3379,3425,3638,3738,3768,4074,4283,4508],"grafted":[81],"onto":[82],"mobile":[83],"robotic":[84],"platforms,":[85],"goal":[88],"fully":[91],"embodied":[92],"sentient":[93],"machines.After":[94],"reviewing":[95],"history":[97],"Artificial":[99],"Intelligence":[100],"research":[101,117],"(Adami,":[102,118],"2021)":[103],"discussing":[105],"components,":[107],"topology,":[108],"optimization":[110],"methods":[111],"used":[112,1522,1548,1983,2799,2980,4013],"neural":[115,3960],"network":[116],"2022),":[119],"we":[120,160,658,664,673,713,732,868,899,1018,1047,1053,1276,1299,1463,1692,1717,1736,1740,1748,1787,1958,1992,2033,2596,2700,3070,3231,3254,3324,3371,3402,3653,3660,3729,4046,4086,4219,4282,4331,4346,4360,4369,4416,4427,4438,4460,4507,4804,4820],"now":[121,3292],"take":[122,574,604,1030,1636,1994,3215,3262],"step":[124,4482],"back":[125],"ask":[127,826],"ourselves,":[128],"intelligence?":[131],"our":[133,1447,1662,1665,1724,1743,1877,1902,1965,1988,3883,4043,4096],"quest":[134],"evolve":[136],"intelligent":[138,1627,1924],"system,":[139],"not":[142,716,854,1186,1347,1445,1631,1946,1975,2098,2242,2606,2964,3030,3900,4006,4578],"idle":[144],"question.":[145],"fact,":[147,867],"asking":[148],"question":[150,1223],"will":[151,172,205,221,243,624,633,900,980,1099,1277,2430,2727,3475,3595,3610,3654,3947,3964,4094,4158,4232,4485,4497,4520],"help":[152],"us":[153,724,911,1004,1859,1944,3880],"focus":[154,3948],"essential":[156],"features":[157,352,1066],"what":[159,226,380,1633,1646,2307,3078,4038,4048],"call":[161,2226],"intelligence,":[162,214],"rather":[163,698,719,4586],"than":[164,699,1601,1798,2051,2069,4642,4694],"being":[165,3555],"distracted":[166],"by":[167,175,363,457,511,1075,1109,1116,1357,1557,1598,1814,2031,2154,2295,2389,3097,3208,3246,3307,3383,3397,3689,3696,4449,4679,4729,4792],"incidental":[168],"attributes.":[169],"Our":[170],"answer":[171,2811],"guided":[174],"principle":[177],"intelligence":[179,192,252,396,441,554,602,630,1936],"evolutionary":[182,2299,4026],"response":[183,4301,4355],"uncertain":[185],"environments:":[186],"primary":[189],"purpose":[190,958,1043],"increase":[195,3847,4439],"organism's":[197,2057,2071,2987,3849],"fitness.Just":[198],"as":[199,376,378,859,1151,1284,1710,1824,2562,2599,2789,2941,3051,3166,3168,3701,3756,4019,4045,4290,4786,4819],"unlikely":[202,218],"there":[204,220,916,1307,1393,3336,3714],"unique":[209],"universal":[211],"definition":[212],"also":[217,2122,2173,2215,2431,2979,3403,3855,3981,3999,4637],"widespread":[223],"agreement":[224],"about":[225,267,527,1613,1661,1672,3534],"processes":[228,1242],"contribute":[231],"intelligence:":[233,895],"elements":[235,240,552,600,628,1934],"intelligence.":[237],"The":[238,1253,1497,2011,2088,2332,2602,2643,2718,2924,2973,3035,3174,3223,3915],"five":[239],"here":[245,572,2668,2798],"rooted":[247],"idea":[250],"(biological":[255],"or":[256,781,4117,4180,4389],"computational)":[257],"trait":[258],"enables":[260],"its":[261,289,293,302,364,972,2253,2292,3188,3193,3427,3433,3461,4425],"bearer":[262],"reduce":[264,1638],"uncertainty":[266,984,991,1009,1124,1648,1716,1731,1764,1784,3529,3629],"world":[269,375,467,656,746,1058,1141,1618,1663,1686,1744,1963,1990,2062,2079,2116,2167],"which":[271,504,752,1529,1747,2032,2595,2710,3343,3646,3866,4153,4166,4225,4605],"lives":[273],"(both":[274],"time":[276,1232,2479,2495,2561,2675,2693,2767,2805,3243,3270,3523,4238,4413,4481],"space)":[278],"harness":[280],"information":[282,318,336,645,937,1660,1696,1706,1822,1869,1879,1899,1985,2007,2035,2047,2157,2974,3092,3139,3159,3169,3184,3667,3692,4116],"has":[284,444,2036,2184,3011,3186,3365,3533,4011,4255,4833],"gained":[285,3695],"succeed":[287],"against":[288],"competitors,":[290],"cooperate":[291],"supporters,":[294],"extract":[296,349],"resources":[298],"needs":[300,344,2195,2320,2348,2372,2711,3912],"from":[301,383,669,1103,1360,1483,1853,1999,2177,2826,2847,3065,3171,3518,4062,4273],"environment":[303,2212,2988,3257,3267,3318,3330,3450,3501,3581,3620,3656,4101],"without":[304,1090,1453],"coming":[305],"harm.":[307],"Recognizing":[308],"who":[309,313,4733],"friend":[311],"foe":[315,322],"(and":[316,486,747,969,1208,1460,2204,2375,2445,4339,4565,4631],"using":[317,920,2340,3157,3641,3773],"defeat":[320],"support":[324,338],"friend)":[326],"ultimately":[327,487],"leads":[328],"greater":[331,1796],"number":[332,1146,1288,1315,1333,1592,3118,3219,3303,4705,4710],"offspring.To":[334],"leverage":[335],"organismal":[340],"fitness,":[341],"organism":[343,358,2319,2903],"environment;":[348],"salient":[351,1327],"(those":[353],"matter":[355],"perceived":[362],"sensory":[365,1424,1913,2156,2228,2396,4535],"system);":[366],"make":[367,652,1174,1947,3116,3123,3151,4270,4747],"predictions":[368,3081,3843],"plans":[370],"based":[371,3032,3082,3885,4113,4171,4204],"sensed":[374,3457,3603,3623,3661,4337],"well":[377,1150,3167,3735,4032],"was":[381,2085,2121,2605,4569],"learned":[382],"experience;":[384],"and,":[385],"finally,":[386],"act":[387],"according":[388,3600],"those":[390,417,1241,2095,2139,4511],"predictions.1":[391],"Such":[392],"view":[394,405,439,578,2003],"very":[398,838,945,1270,1366,1668,2815,3967,4031],"much":[399,915,954,1367,1795],"aligned":[400],"\"knowledge-level":[403],"systems\"":[404],"late":[408],"20th":[409],"century":[410],"(Anderson,":[411],"1983;":[412],"Newell,":[413,570],"1990),":[414,571],"except":[415],"attempts":[418,483],"formulate":[420],"\"unified":[422],"theory":[423,530],"cognition\"":[425],"made":[426,1556],"no":[427,1395,2107],"attempt":[428],"quantify":[430,450,913],"said":[431],"knowledge":[432,459,1735,1811],"terms":[434,3197,3539],"information.":[436,1650],"An":[437,4150],"information-theoretic":[438,922],"cognition":[443,544,589],"advantage":[446],"relation":[452,973],"between":[453,496,730,1154,1177,1311,1713,1889,3138,3678,3708,4559,4582],"\"symbols\"":[455],"manipulated":[456],"system":[460,1425,1505,4749],"things":[463],"physical":[466],"represent.":[470],"This":[471,1078,1219,1350,1904,2385,2458,2497,2807,3266,3699,3910,4004,4122,4183,4544],"important":[473,3856,3933],"because,":[474],"historically,":[475],"most":[479,541,1379],"common":[480],"criticisms":[481],"formalize":[485],"engineer)":[488],"thinking":[489],"systems":[490],"conjured":[491],"up":[492,2689],"apparent":[494],"dichotomy":[495],"\"zeros":[498],"ones\"":[500],"computer":[502,3936],"systems,":[503],"devoid":[506],"intrinsic":[508,3902],"meaning":[509],"(\"strings":[510],"themselves":[512,584,1243],"can't":[513],"have":[514,1019,1060,1377,1510,1655,1718,1805,2666,3232,3837,3858,4486,4737],"any":[515,2901,4229],"meaning\";":[516],"Searle,":[517],"1984,":[518],"p.":[519],"31),":[520],"fact":[523],"\"thoughts":[525],"things.\"":[528],"Information":[529,3767],"quantifies":[531,3647,3733],"precisely":[532,2150,2306,2886,3688],"link,":[534],"both":[535,993],"computers":[537],"people.Whereas":[540],"theories":[542],"posit":[545],"sensing":[547,592,3384],"acting":[549],"integral":[551],"because":[555,943,1226,1422,2246,2812],"clearly":[558,1229,1251],"part":[559,4187],"\"sensory\u2013action":[562],"loop\"":[563],"(Bongard":[564],"&":[565,621,769,1470,2110,2921,2952,2958,3818,3830,3894],"Pfeifer,":[566],"2001;":[567],"Clark,":[568,2949],"2016;":[569,2950,3828],"point":[576,2001,2480,4414],"sensors":[581,613],"motors":[583,615],"\"given\"":[586],"(even":[587],"though":[588,842,3114],"does":[590,1630],"affect":[591],"acting),":[594],"only":[598,1068,1428,1864,2446,2965,3375,3950,4221,4571],"place":[605,742,2023],"within":[606,963,1137,1964,2454,2630,2639,3153],"neurons":[608,1890,2714,2825,2851,4299,4560,4584,4601],"brain,":[611],"excluding":[612],"(often":[616,2326],"called":[617,939,1406,2217,2327,3890],"\"peripheral":[618],"neurons\";":[619],"McCulloch":[620],"Pitts,":[622],"1943).2We":[623],"see":[625,971,1468,2701,3998,4470],"discuss\u2014categorization,":[634],"memory,":[635,1968],"prediction,":[636],"learning,":[637,1240,4021],"representation\u2014are":[639],"all":[640,815,896,1462,1733,1768,4144,4494],"tied":[641],"explicitly":[642],"how":[644,914,1159,2275,3648,3734,4056,4209,4276,4344],"acquired,":[647],"shaped,":[648],"stored,":[649],"manipulated.To":[651],"sense":[653,3448],"perceive,":[659],"imperative":[662],"tell":[666],"thing":[668],"another.":[670],"How":[671,676,1051],"do":[672,674,836,1016,1052,1216,1444,1456,2180,3069,3380],"that?":[675],"visual":[681],"scene":[682],"(say)":[683],"evokes":[684],"brain":[687,1194,2183,2347,2371,2937,3074],"set":[689,2391,2823,4064,4597],"objects":[691,743,753,784,1055,1527,1615,1752],"relationships":[694],"each":[696,4107,4286,4351],"other,":[697],"jumbled":[701],"mishmash":[702],"colors":[704,712,1064],"shapes?":[706],"After":[707],"all,":[708],"shapes":[710,876,1062],"discrete":[717,1000,1013,1033,1117,1120,1839],"but":[718,2223,2274,2683,3107,4585,4752],"form":[720,810,888,1959,2198,3953],"continuum.":[722],"For":[723,956,1041,1119,1164,2233,2695,2933,3387,4807],"able":[727,737,870,1321,2187],"differentiate":[729],"first":[733,1005],"need":[734,1693,1702,2044],"categorize.Our":[739],"ability":[740,886],"behaviors":[748],"ways":[750],"relate":[754],"behaviors)":[756],"into":[757,1541,1561,1572,3635,3764,3771],"categories":[758,779,889,909,1073,1148,1179,1201,1217,1249,1273,1303,1353,1754,1769,1792],"crucial":[761,1871,1922],"skill":[762],"develops":[764],"early":[765],"infancy":[767],"(Quinn":[768],"Eimas,":[770],"1997).":[771],"According":[772],"psychologists":[774],"(see,":[775,3926],"e.g.,":[776,1086,3927],"Karmiloff-Smith,":[777],"1992),":[778],"(collections":[780],"classes":[782],"events":[786,2325],"exist":[788],"world)":[791],"formed":[793],"via":[794,1233,1554,1605],"perceptual":[796,1104,1361,1400,1413,1448,1481],"analysis":[797,3109],"filters":[799],"raw":[801],"data,":[802],"leaving":[803],"behind":[804],"abstract":[806],"representation":[807,1482],"image":[812,818,1290],"schemas.":[813],"We":[814,1408,1640,1701,1980,3291,3637,4073,4192,4469,4644],"carry":[816],"schemas":[819,1291],"us.":[821],"If":[822,2505,2552,2577,4432,4456],"were":[824,1523,1770,2091,2097],"you":[827,834,843,852,2745],"imagine":[829,845,4075],"chair,":[831],"for":[832,994,999,1435,1461,1570,1705,1923,1996,2151,2287,2619,2843,2900,3015,3093,3141,3342,3405,3668,3851,4235,4362,4372,4799,4826],"example,":[833,1165,1436,2696,2844,2990,3016,4808],"could":[835,4124],"easily,":[839],"might":[844,1048,1170,1803,4746],"straight-backed":[847],"chair":[848],"four":[850,2381],"legs,":[851],"would":[853,1765,1785,4193,4736],"regard":[855],"three-legged":[857],"stool":[858],"something":[860,1976],"completely":[861],"outside":[862],"category.":[865],"subsume":[872],"thousands":[873,2848],"different":[875,1155,1295,1317,1699,3924],"under":[877],"category":[880,1138],"\"chair.\"":[881],"propose":[883],"central":[892],"element":[893],"others":[897,1609,1799,1802,2224],"build":[902],"one.":[905],"particular,":[907,2912],"building":[908],"allows":[910,1943,3039,3879],"know,":[919,1464],"concept":[923,962,976,992,1023,1577,3934],"Shannon":[925,988,3542,3572,3691],"entropy":[926,942,1836,3573,3617,3711,3721],"(Shannon,":[927],"1948),":[928],"measure":[930,941,1704],"uncertainty.Claude":[932],"Shannon,":[933],"creator":[935],"theory,":[938,4023],"his":[940,990],"similar":[946],"quantity":[947],"had":[948],"been":[949,4012],"introduced":[950],"statistical":[952],"physics":[953],"earlier.3":[955],"understanding":[960],"context":[965,1917],"cognitive":[967,3938],"science":[968],"\"information\"),":[978],"word":[983],"instead":[985,1789,3611,4834],"entropy.":[987],"defined":[989,1074],"continuous":[995,1061,1110],"(\"blurry\")":[996],"quantities":[997],"(or":[1001,1341,3451,4708],"\"sharp\")":[1002],"ones.Let":[1003],"write":[1006,3639],"down":[1007],"Shannon's":[1008,1122,1833],"function":[1010,1125,3296],"case.":[1014],"To":[1015,2126,2179],"this,":[1017,2181,3388],"introduce":[1021,3234],"variable":[1026,1076,3211,3236,3258,3399],"X":[1027,3586,3751],"n":[1032,1072,4066,4702],"states":[1034,3221,3227,3264,3498],"xi,":[1035],"i":[1036,4419],"=":[1037,1777,1807,3287,3289,3346,4651],"1":[1038,2549,2583,2629,2753],"\u2026":[1039],"n.":[1040],"describing":[1045],"categorization,":[1046],"then":[1049,1761,1809,2376,3190,3335,3464,3605,4437,4477],"ask,":[1050],"associate":[1054],"X?":[1077],"(called":[1080],"coarse-graining":[1081],"literature;":[1084],"see,":[1085],"Feynman,":[1087],"1974),":[1088],"doubt":[1092,1455],"complex":[1094,2313],"one,":[1095],"involving":[1096],"(as":[1097,1149],"describe)":[1100],"shift":[1102,1359],"characters":[1105],"described":[1108,1115,1356,2667,2797,2940,3207,3245],"values":[1111],"conceptual":[1113,1374,1391,1484],"ones":[1114],"values.":[1118,1433],"categories,":[1121],"(1948)":[1123],"given":[1127,1212,1732,2833,3537,3621,3658,3687,4136,4215,4325,4357,4380,4532,4614,4655,4678,4791],"byH(X)=\u2212\u2211i=1np(xi)logp(xi),(1)where":[1128],"p(xi)":[1129,1776,1806],"likelihood":[1132,1797,4227,4349,4489,4526,4589],"encountering":[1134],"object":[1136,1370],"xi":[1139],"X.":[1142],"general,":[1144,3875],"\"distance\"":[1153],"categories)":[1156],"depends":[1157,4618],"useful":[1160],"differentiation":[1162],"is.":[1163],"some":[1167,1248,1791,1801],"situations,":[1168],"relevant":[1172],"distinction":[1176],"two":[1178,1932,2366,2712,4583],"(say,":[1180],"\"chair\"":[1181],"\"stool\")":[1183],"necessary":[1187,1204,1624,2134,2174,2418,2704],"others.":[1189],"other":[1191,1933,2050,2850,3013,3357,4495,4540],"words,":[1192,3358],"tends":[1195,4627],"operate":[1197],"just":[1199,4690],"best":[1206,4211],"understand":[1207],"predict)":[1209],"world,":[1211,2131],"particular":[1214,2352,2424,2449,2498,3339,4100,4111,4230,4292,4311,4336,4592,4717],"circumstances.How":[1215],"emerge?":[1218],"difficult":[1222,2809],"answer,":[1225],"although":[1227],"emerge":[1230,1304],"over":[1231,1689,2039,3228,3242,3269,3495,4684],"use,":[1237],"feedback,":[1238],"somewhat":[1245],"vague.":[1246],"Furthermore,":[1247],"innate:":[1252],"fear":[1254],"color":[1257],"red":[1258],"certain":[1260,1287,1418],"birds":[1261],"(Pryke,":[1262],"2009)":[1263],"example.":[1267],"real":[1271],"sense,":[1272,4330],"evolve.":[1274,3914],"Here":[1275,3370,3945,4218],"think":[1278,4284],"categorization":[1283],"creating":[1285],"represent":[1293],"categories.4":[1296],"Generally":[1297],"speaking,":[1298],"say":[1301,1642,4509],"so":[1305,1390,1457,1982,2434,2536,2538,3230,3431,4085],"balance":[1310],"large":[1313,4625,4744],"enough":[1314,1332,3132],"images":[1318,1337],"describe":[1323,4051],"range":[1325,1431],"differences":[1328,1867],"small":[1331,4467],"manipulating":[1335],"these":[1336,4213],"one's":[1339],"head":[1340],"wherever":[1342],"stored)":[1345],"too":[1348],"cumbersome.":[1349],"emergence":[1351],"often":[1355,1405,1993,2939],"representations":[1362,1375,1388,1403,1414,1449],"(images":[1363],"look":[1365],"like":[1368,4194],"question)":[1372],"lost":[1378],"similarities":[1382],"actual":[1385,2801],"objects.":[1386],"When":[1387],"become":[1389],"resemblance":[1396],"original":[1399],"artifact,":[1401],"symbolic.":[1407],"should":[1409,4345],"note":[1410],"already":[1415],"involve":[1416],"kind":[1419],"\"filtering,\"":[1421],"finite":[1430,3218],"So,":[1434,1738],"whereas":[1437],"ultraviolet":[1439],"characteristics":[1440],"flower":[1442],"petals":[1443],"enter":[1446],"them,":[1451],"hummingbirds":[1459],"mice;":[1467],"Cronin":[1469],"Bok,":[1471],"2016).Perhaps":[1472],"typical":[1474,1564],"example":[1475],"symbolic":[1487],"Sumerian":[1494,1498],"cuneiform":[1495],"script.":[1496],"script":[1499],"earliest":[1502],"known":[1503,1722,3727],"writing":[1504],"believed":[1508],"emerged":[1511,2059,2308],"around":[1512],"8000":[1513],"BC":[1514],"(Kramer,":[1515,1610],"1981).":[1516],"Originally,":[1517],"\"tokens\"":[1519],"Sumerians":[1521],"pictograms":[1524,1536],"representing":[1525,1575],"directly":[1531,2158],"refer.":[1532],"Over":[1533],"time,":[1534,2421,3229,3253],"became":[1537,2117],"stylized":[1538],"morphed":[1540],"symbols,":[1542,1552],"adapting":[1543,3102],"method":[1546],"people":[1547],"record":[1550,4428],"namely,":[1553],"strokes":[1555],"pressing":[1558],"stylus":[1560],"clay.":[1562],"A":[1563],"sequence":[1565,2354,2364,2451,2528,2603,2730],"changes":[1567,1595,1688,2169,3268],"pictogram":[1569],"\"head\"":[1571],"glyph":[1574],"shown":[1579,2723,4814],"Figure":[1581,2407,2462,2698,2725,4816],"1.":[1582,2621],"Note":[1583],"during":[1585],"glyphs,":[1589],"total":[1591,4258],"symbols":[1594,1600],"also,":[1596],"usually":[1597],"eliminating":[1599],"rendered":[1604],"combination":[1607],"1981).Although":[1611],"learning":[1612,1940,2782,3892,3898,3918,3957,3970,4190,4550,4616,4777],"categorizing":[1620],"them":[1621],"precursor":[1625],"behavior,":[1628,3942,4312],"specify":[1632],"action":[1634],"uncertainty.":[1639],"quite":[1643,3111],"generally":[1644],"reduces":[1647],"Indeed,":[1651,2540,4666],"eons":[1652],"stored":[1656,1885,2975],"massive":[1657],"amounts":[1658],"genome":[1666],"(a":[1667,3592,4387],"rough":[1669],"estimate":[1670],"suggests":[1671],"half":[1673],"billion":[1675],"bits":[1676],"information5).":[1678],"However,":[1679,2113,2622,2832],"survive":[1681,2127],"thrive":[1683],"lifetime,":[1691],"store":[1695,2034,2046],"medium:":[1700],"memory.Shannon's":[1703],"seen":[1709],"difference":[1712,1826,3677,3707],"uncertainties:":[1714],"if":[1719,1739,1767,2444,2623,3178,3328,3444,4472,4561],"nothing":[1720],"minus":[1723],"current":[1725,1912,1989],"uncertainty,":[1726],"is,":[1728,2369,3276,3514,3626,3683,4524],"remaining":[1730,3628],"have.":[1737],"consider":[1741,4220],"again":[1742],"X,":[1745],"expect":[1749],"find":[1751,3782],"x1":[1755],"xn":[1757],"probabilities":[1759,4835],"p(xi),":[1760],"highest":[1763,4257],"occur":[1766,1793],"equally":[1771],"likely":[1772,2144,3649],"world:":[1775],"1/n.":[1778],"case,":[1781,2360],"maximal":[1783],"beHmax=logn.(2)If":[1786],"know":[1788,3071,3730,4196],"(while":[1800],"0),":[1808],"quantified":[1813],"informationI=Hmax\u2212H(X)=log(n)+\u2211i=1np(xi)logp(xi).(3)One":[1816],"great":[1819],"advantages":[1820],"written":[1823],"uncertainties":[1828],"when":[1831,2317,3310,4610],"discretizing":[1832],"continuous-valued":[1834],"differential":[1835],"version,":[1840],"\"renormalization\"":[1842],"constant":[1843,4621],"related":[1846],"level":[1849],"discretization":[1851],"cancels":[1852],"expression":[1855],"information,":[1857,1973,2910,3700],"telling":[1858],"that,":[1860],"end,":[1863],"measurable":[1866],"matter.Storing":[1868],"making":[1873,3841],"\"informed\"":[1874],"decisions.":[1875],"brains,":[1878,4281,4506,4785],"acquired":[1880,3170],"past":[1883,1919],"connections":[1888,2828],"retrieved":[1894],"integrated":[1896],"streaming":[1900],"through":[1901,2048],"senses.":[1903],"capacity":[1905,3903,3911],"remember,":[1907],"evaluate":[1910],"stream":[1914],"experience,":[1920],"behavior.":[1925],"Memory":[1926],"mandatory":[1929],"ingredient":[1930],"later:":[1939],"representation.Memory":[1942],"same":[1949,3252,4534],"mistake":[1950],"twice,":[1951],"makes":[1954,2566,3075,4109,4638],"models":[1960],"brains.":[1966],"But":[1967,1998,2164,2961],"specifically":[1969,3105],"storage":[1971,1986],"automatic.":[1979],"granted.":[1997],"(classical)":[2005],"physics,":[2006],"inherently":[2009],"fragile:":[2010],"second":[2012],"law":[2013],"thermodynamics":[2015],"unforgiving":[2017],"unless":[2018],"specific":[2019,2766,3952],"measures":[2020],"prevent":[2025],"deterioration":[2027],"information.The":[2029],"means":[2030,2049],"changed":[2037,4170],"tremendously":[2038],"time.":[2040,2717],"biology,":[2042],"\"filing":[2052],"away\"":[2054],"DNA":[2058],"once":[2060,2114,3728],"started":[2063],"changing":[2064,2123,2914,3095,3155,3460,3794],"timescale":[2067],"faster":[2068],"lifetime.":[2072],"Before":[2073],"Cambrian":[2075],"explosion,":[2076],"animal":[2078,3941],"(mostly":[2080],"concentrated":[2081],"seafloor)":[2084],"fairly":[2086,4400],"predictable:":[2087],"Ediacaran":[2089],"fauna":[2090],"mostly":[2092],"sessile,":[2093],"roamed":[2099],"seafloor":[2101],"idiosyncratic":[2103],"patterns":[2104,4356,4513,4541,4662,4714],"required":[2106,2316],"memory":[2108,2200,2219,2230,2240,2336],"(Carbone":[2109],"Narbonne,":[2111],"2014).":[2112,4003,4409],"more":[2118,2124],"complex,":[2119],"quickly.":[2125],"react":[2136],"promptly":[2137],"changes,":[2140,3560],"spiking":[2147],"neuron":[2148,2250,2289,2405,2416,2438,2557,2569,2574,2645,2838],"evolved":[2149],"reason,":[2153,2935],"coupling":[2155],"motor":[2160,2440,2486,2573,2644,2837],"activation":[2161],"(J\u00e9kely,":[2162],"2011).":[2163,2923],"fast,":[2170,3982],"learn":[2176,4750],"mistakes.":[2178],"recall":[2189,2322],"prior":[2190],"sequences":[2191,2323],"events:":[2193],"It":[2194,3732,3979,4010,4029,4392],"memory.The":[2196],"simplest":[2197,2359,3026,4824],"preservation":[2203],"recall)":[2205],"fleeting":[2208],"state":[2209,2279,2294,2470,2483,2508,2544,2593,2616,2984,3006,3283,3314,3321,3333,3340,3364,3419,3429,3434,3462,3599,3634,3741,3749],"(this":[2213],"sometimes":[2216],"working":[2218],"[see":[2220],"Baddeley,":[2221],"1986],":[2222],"simply":[2225,4790],"short-term":[2229],"[Carruthers,":[2231],"2014]).":[2232],"firing":[2234,2270,4293,4512,4593,4633,4713],"neurons,":[2235],"keeping":[2236],"signal":[2238,2265,2466],"trivial":[2244],"task,":[2245],"after":[2247,3630,4165],"firing,":[2248,2296],"returns":[2251],"quiescent":[2254,2546,2592],"state,":[2255],"thus":[2256],"erasing":[2257],"signal.":[2259],"One":[2260,2282,3023],"way":[2261,3376,4199,4375],"preserve":[2263],"stimulate":[2268,2291],"another":[2272,2663],"neuron,":[2273,2397,2400],"neuron's":[2278,2543],"preserved?":[2281],"solution":[2283],"arrange":[2286],"own":[2293,3428],"experiments":[2300,3787],"Markov":[2302,2772,4784],"brains,6":[2303],"(Edlund":[2309],"et":[2310,2775,2860,2917,2946,3284,3798,3802,3806,3810,3814,3822,3826,3834,3995,4001,4267,4403,4407,4699,4774],"al.,":[2311,2776,2861,2918,2947,3799,3803,3807,3811,3815,3823,3827,3835,3996,4002,4268,4404,4408,4700,4775],"2011).More":[2312],"processing":[2314],"episodic":[2328],"memory;":[2329],"Tulving,":[2330],"2002).":[2331],"logic":[2333,2425,2459,2499,2610,2633,2703,2721,2793,2820],"understood":[2339],"following":[2342,2579],"simple":[2343,2411,2503,2672,2780,3976,4401],"model.":[2344],"Suppose":[2345,4410],"remember":[2350,2374],"temporal":[2353,2383,2450],"bits.":[2356],"bits;":[2367],"recognize)":[2377],"out":[2379,3870,4060,4394],"patterns.":[2384],"accomplished":[2388],"three":[2393],"neurons:":[2394],"actuator":[2399,2437],"intermediary":[2403],"(\"hidden\")":[2404],"(see":[2406,2858],"2).":[2408],"model,":[2412],"hidden":[2414,2473,2490,2542,2556,2568,2713],"(intermediary)":[2415],"keep":[2420,2560,2716],"constructed":[2428],"(it":[2429,2678],"readily":[2432,2770],"evolve)":[2433],"(the":[2439,3485,3502,3671,3744,3752,4615],"unit":[2441,2474,2491],"M)":[2442],"fires":[2443,2646],"if)":[2447],"experienced":[2453],"sensor":[2456,3395,3409,3414,3585],"S.":[2457],"(shown":[2460],"2b)":[2463],"connects":[2464],"S":[2467,2510],"H":[2475,2514,2517],"at":[2476,2492,2999,3187,4141,4412,4478,4604],"previous":[2478,4385],"M":[2487],"subsequent":[2494],"point.":[2496],"table":[2500,2586,4798,4813],"implements":[2501,4822],"dynamic:":[2504],"input":[2507,2580,4536],"0":[2512,2625,2748],"while":[2513,2571,2654,2756,3316,3350,4493,4539],"zero,":[2516],"remains":[2518,2545,2575,3724],"zero":[2519,2660,3354],"along":[2520],"M,":[2522],"signaling":[2523],"\"no":[2524],"recognition.\"":[2525],"Because":[2526],"recognized":[2531],"starts":[2532],"1,":[2535],"far":[2537],"good.":[2539],"until":[2547],"sensed.":[2551],"occurs,":[2554],"begins":[2558],"pattern":[2564,2637,4294,4306,4338,4529,4594],"10":[2565,2604,2638],"fire,":[2570],"quiescent.":[2576],"instead,":[2584],"forces":[2587],"return":[2589,4697,4759],"00,":[2594],"interpret":[2598],"\"try":[2600],"again\":":[2601],"detected,":[2607],"re-prepared":[2612],"initial":[2615],"wait":[2618],"did":[2626],"follow":[2627,4069],"S,":[2631],"dictates":[2634],"output":[2636],"pair":[2641],"MH:":[2642],"indicate":[2648],"successful":[2649],"recognition":[2650,2677,4828],"signal,":[2653],"timekeeper":[2656],"reset":[2658],"await":[2662],"sequence.What":[2664],"extremely":[2671],"model":[2673,3147,3175,3754],"arguably":[2680,3984],"simplest),":[2682],"easily":[2686],"scaled":[2688],"handle":[2691],"longer":[2692],"series.":[2694],"3a,":[2699],"recognize":[2706,2728,2804],"four-bit":[2708],"sequence,":[2709],"3-in,":[2719],"3-out":[2720],"gate":[2722],"3a":[2726],"0001:":[2731],"binary":[2733],"version":[2734],"famous":[2737],"\"fate\"":[2738,4831],"motif":[2739],"Beethoven's":[2741,4830],"Fifth":[2742],"Symphony":[2743],"(if":[2744],"identify":[2746],"G":[2750,3797],"B\u266d,":[2755],"ignoring":[2757],"rhythm":[2759],"motif).":[2762],"Logic":[2763],"recognizes":[2765],"evolves":[2769],"(Hintze":[2774],"2017).":[2777],"Moreover,":[2778],"reinforcement":[2781,3891,3956,3969,4576],"algorithm":[2783,3054,3877,3971,3992,4151,4398,4640,4778,4825],"quickly":[2785,4654,4761],"change":[2786,2882,3226,3426,3596,3882,4212,4347,4629],"logic,":[2788],"later.Is":[2792],"sort":[2796],"series?":[2806],"hard":[2816],"reconstruct":[2818],"recordings":[2830],"alone.":[2831],"average":[2836],"spinal":[2841],"cord,":[2842],"receives":[2845],"inputs":[2846],"synapse":[2853],"cell":[2856,2878],"body":[2857,2879],"Alberts":[2859],"2002,":[2862],"chapter":[2863],"11)":[2864],"conceivable":[2867],"positioning":[2870],"strength":[2872],"synapses":[2875],"(which":[2880],"experience)":[2884],"implement":[2885,4782],"logic.That":[2888],"accurate":[2890,4611],"prediction":[2891,2966,3027,3053,3763,3868,4112,4123,4253],"future":[2894,2930,2969,3005],"going":[2896,4040],"advantageous":[2899],"living":[2902],"obvious:":[2905],"There":[2906,3550],"value":[2908,3458,3664,3685,3761],"environments":[2915,3096,3795],"(Donaldson-Matasci":[2916],"2010;":[2919,2948,3816],"Rivoire":[2920,3084,3439],"Leibler,":[2922],"selective":[2925],"pressure":[2926],"predict":[2928,2982,3739,4645],"intense.":[2932],"\"prediction":[2943],"machine\"":[2944],"(Bubic":[2945],"Friston":[2951],"Kiebel,":[2953],"2009;":[2954],"Hawkins,":[2955],"2021;":[2956,3832],"Hawkins":[2957],"Blakeslee,":[2959],"2004).":[2960],"important.":[2972],"genes":[2977,2996],"(for":[2989],"ensure":[2992],"right":[2995,3001],"expressed":[2998],"time).":[3002],"Predicting":[3003],"environment,":[3009,3156,3422,3536],"however,":[3010],"several":[3012],"advantages,":[3014],"becomes":[3018],"plan":[3021],"ahead.":[3022],"algorithms":[3028],"neurons.":[3034],"chemotaxis":[3036],"pathway":[3037],"bacteria":[3040],"swim":[3042],"\"up\"":[3043],"resource":[3045,3064],"concentration":[3046,3067],"gradient":[3047],"viewed":[3050],"infers":[3056],"location":[3058],"source":[3061],"local":[3066],"fluctuations.How":[3068],"predictions?":[3076],"And":[3077],"on?":[3083],"Leibler":[3086,3441],"(2011)":[3087],"discussed":[3088],"power":[3090],"predicting":[3094],"studying":[3098],"dynamics":[3100],"populations":[3103],"(not":[3104],"brains),":[3106],"general.":[3112],"Even":[3113],"simplifying":[3120],"assumptions":[3121],"(to":[3122],"problem":[3125],"mathematically":[3126],"tractable),":[3127],"formalism":[3129],"powerful":[3131,3974],"reveal":[3134],"fundamental":[3136],"relationship":[3137],"(used":[3140],"prediction)":[3142],"fitness.Rivoire":[3144],"Leibler's":[3146],"describes":[3148],"agents":[3149,3474,3792],"decisions":[3152],"inherited":[3161],"(stored":[3162],"genome)":[3165],"environment.7":[3173],"implies":[3176],"agent":[3180,3206,3224,3309,3378,3390,3424,3446,3532,3578,3737,4324],"optimally":[3181],"uses":[3182],"disposal,":[3189],"maximizes":[3192],"fitness":[3194,3295,3352,3484,3488,3772,4320],"(measured":[3195],"growth":[3200,3466,3492,3565,3607],"rate":[3201,3467,3566,3608,4603],"population).Imagine":[3204],"random":[3210,3398],"Z":[3212],"z.":[3222],"Zt,":[3237],"agent's":[3240,3363,3598],"trajectory":[3241],"Z1Z2":[3247],"\u22ef":[3248],"Zt\u22121Zt.8":[3249],"At":[3250],"define":[3255,3293],"Et":[3259,3280],"et.":[3265],"uncorrelated":[3273],"manner,9":[3274],"probability":[3278,3503,3644,4422],"takes":[3281],"P(E":[3286],"et)":[3288,3298,3345],"p(et).":[3290],"f(zt,":[3297,3344],"represents":[3300,3489],"expected":[3302,4648,4675,4681,4758],"offspring":[3305],"generated":[3306],"zt":[3315,3341],"et,":[3322,3334],"further":[3325],"assume":[3326,3372,3404],"f(zt)":[3347],">":[3348],"0,":[3349],"otherwise.":[3355],"fit,":[3361],"\"track\"":[3367],"environment.":[3369,3386,3438],"equipped":[3392],"(described":[3396],"X),":[3400],"simplicity":[3406],"accurate.":[3411],"Consulting":[3412],"accurately":[3416],"displays":[3417],"accordingly":[3430],"always":[3435],"tracks":[3436],"showed":[3442],"cannot":[3447],"incapable":[3453],"interpreting":[3455],"accordingly),":[3463],"\u03930":[3468],"population":[3471,3670],"be\u03930=\u3008logf\u3009\u2212H(E),(4)where":[3476],"\u3008log":[3477],"f\u3009":[3478],"logarithm":[3481,3486],"individual's":[3491],"rate)":[3493,4617],"averaged":[3494],"distribution":[3504],"p(e)":[3505],"assumed":[3507],"stationary":[3511],"distribution,":[3512],"obtained":[3517,4728],"p(et)":[3519],"long":[3522],"limit),\u3008logf\u3009=\u2211ep(e)logf(e).(5)H(E),":[3524],"turn,":[3526,3779],"entropyH(E)=\u2212\u2211ep(e)logp(e).(6)The":[3543],"interpretation":[3544],"Equation":[3546],"4":[3547],"straightforward:":[3549],"cost":[3553,3563],"blind":[3556],"environment's":[3559],"exactly":[3568],"equal":[3569],"environment.If":[3576],"senses":[3579],"perfect":[3584],"follows":[3588],"optimal":[3590,3775,3784,4198,4374,4397,4607,4696,4725],"strategy":[3591,3860,4092],"policy":[3593],"value),":[3604],"\u0393X":[3609],"be\u0393X=\u3008logf\u3009\u2212H(E\u2223X),(7)where":[3612],"H(E|X)":[3613,3722],"conditional":[3616,3643,3720],"value,":[3624],"taking":[3631],"sensor's":[3633],"account.":[3636],"p(e|x),":[3645],"encounter":[3655],"e":[3657],"x,":[3662],"asH(E\u2223X)=\u2212\u2211e,xp(x)p(e\u2223x)logp(e\u2223x).(8)The":[3663],"gain":[3672,4179,4388,4430,4434,4649,4676,4682],"predictability)":[3674],"Equations":[3679],"7":[3680],"4:\u0393X\u2212\u03930=H(E)\u2212H(E\u2223X)=I(E;X);(9)that":[3682],"I(E;":[3693],"X)":[3694],"agent.":[3698],"mentioned":[3703],"earlier,":[3704],"unconditional":[3710],"H(E)":[3712],"(what":[3713,3723],"know)":[3717],"X).":[3731],"E":[3743],"environment)":[3745],"armed":[3746],"sensor).The":[3753],"(simple":[3755],"is)":[3758],"brings":[3759],"sharp":[3765],"focus:":[3766],"turned":[3770,3869],"strategy.":[3776,3785],"Evolution,":[3777],"strives":[3780],"Multiple":[3786],"evolving":[3788],"artifical":[3789],"navigating":[3793],"(C":[3796],"2018;":[3800,3820],"Edlund":[3801],"2011;":[3804],"Fischer":[3805],"2020;":[3808],"Hintze":[3809],"2015;":[3812],"Iliopoulos":[3813],"Kvam":[3817],"Hintze,":[3819],"Marstaller":[3821],"2013;":[3824],"Olson":[3825],"Tehrani-Saleh":[3829,3833],"Adami,":[3831],"2016)":[3836],"supported":[3838],"conclusion.Although":[3840],"good":[3842,4126,4771],"will,":[3844],"average,":[3846],"chances":[3850],"survival,":[3852],"deal":[3862],"situations":[3864],"wrong.":[3873],"actions":[3884],"environmental":[3887],"feedback":[3888,4186,4359,4474,4612,4657],"(Sutton":[3893],"Barto,":[3895],"1998).":[3896],"Clearly,":[3897],"information-processing":[3906],"-predicting":[3908],"system:":[3909],"literature":[3916],"vast":[3920],"spans":[3922],"multiple":[3923],"disciplines":[3925],"Gross,":[3928],"2020).":[3929],"Learning":[3930],"science,":[3937,3939],"psychology,":[3940],"more.":[3944],"learning:":[3955],"applied":[3958],"networks.":[3961],"Specifically,":[3962],"general":[3968],"yet":[3975],"implement.":[3978],"close":[3985],"optimal:":[3987],"multiplicative":[3989,4447],"weights":[3990,4147,4168,4207,4214,4379,4630],"update":[3991],"(MWUA;":[3993],"Arora":[3994,4266],"2012;":[3997,4405],"Chastain":[4000,4406],"new":[4008],"method:":[4009],"independently":[4014],"numerous":[4016],"fields,":[4017],"machine":[4020],"decision":[4022],"optimization,":[4024],"game":[4027],"theory.":[4028],"may":[4030],"algorithmic":[4035],"description":[4036],"learn.In":[4047],"follows,":[4049],"Expert":[4053],"Advice":[4054],"Problem:":[4055],"(repeatedly)":[4058],"pick":[4059,4162,4201,4386,4417],"experts":[4067,4261,4289,4496,4707],"expert's":[4071,4243],"advice.":[4072],"expert":[4078,4105,4108,4120,4134,4203,4231,4418,4444,4484,4732],"giving":[4080],"advice":[4081,4157,4236],"stock":[4083],"picks,":[4084],"interested":[4088],"finding":[4090],"maximize":[4095],"payoff.":[4097],"Given":[4098,4334],"(inputs":[4102],"senses),":[4106],"whatever":[4115],"intuition":[4118],"has.":[4121],"day":[4128],"terrible":[4130],"next.":[4132],"Every":[4133],"weight":[4138,4244,4259,4441],"wi,":[4139],"outset,":[4143],"equal.":[4149],"determines":[4152],"experts'":[4156],"chosen":[4160],"stock,":[4164],"whether":[4173],"investment":[4175],"led":[4176,4515],"loss.":[4182],"algorithm.":[4191],"feedback.":[4217],"case":[4223],"picked":[4234,4499],"next":[4237,4480],"proportional":[4240,4423,4452],"(another":[4245],"option":[4246],"\"weighted-majority\"":[4249],"algorithm,":[4250],"whereby":[4251],"advising":[4262],"chosen;":[4265],"2012).To":[4269],"clear":[4272],"outset":[4275],"relates":[4278],"group":[4297,4718],"sensation.":[4304,4327],"Each":[4305],"gives":[4307],"rise":[4308],"task":[4315],"optimize":[4318],"behaving":[4323],"asking,":[4333],"behavior":[4341,4608],"triggers),":[4343],"receive":[4361],"ensuing":[4364],"behavior?For":[4365],"stock-picking":[4367],"experts,":[4368],"looking":[4371],"adjust":[4377],"outcome":[4382,4519,4568],"loss).":[4391],"turns":[4393],"(Arora":[4402,4698],"t,":[4415],"weight,pi(t)=wi(t)\u2211inwi(t),(10)and":[4426],"gi.":[4431],"positive,":[4436,4476],"(in":[4445,4734],"manner)":[4448],"amount":[4451],"gain.":[4455],"gi":[4457],"negative,":[4459],"decrease":[4461],"weight:wi(t+1)=wi(t)(1+\u03f5gi(t)),(11)where":[4463],"\u03f5":[4464,4626,4745,4766],"constant.":[4468],"higher":[4488],"getting":[4491],"picked,":[4492],"smaller":[4502,4693],"probability.":[4503],"Translated":[4504],"positive":[4518,4567],"reinforced,":[4522],"fire":[4531],"increased,":[4538],"suppressed.":[4543],"reminiscent":[4546],"Hebbian":[4549],"rule":[4551],"(Hebb,":[4552],"1949)":[4553],"reinforces":[4555],"synaptic":[4557],"connection":[4558,4581],"fired":[4563],"together":[4564],"achieved),":[4570],"MWUA":[4574],"occurs":[4577],"(possibly)":[4599],"many":[4600],"together.The":[4602],"emerges":[4609],"\u03f5.":[4622],"Although":[4623],"therefore":[4632],"probabilities)":[4634],"faster,":[4635,4751],"less":[4641],"optimal.":[4643],"\u3008m(t)\u3009":[4650],"\u2211i=1npi(t)gi":[4652],"increases":[4653],"discourages":[4659],"calling":[4660],"score":[4664],"poorly.":[4665],"show":[4671],"cumulative":[4674],"\u3008G\u3009,":[4677],"accumulated":[4683,4738],"entire":[4686],"lifetime":[4687],"T,":[4688],"little":[4692],"2012):\u3008G\u3009=\u2211t=1T\u2211i=1npi(t)gi(t)\u2265(1\u2212\u03f5)Gopt\u2212lnn\u03f5,(12)where":[4701],"neurons)":[4720],"Gopt":[4722],"gain,Gopt=maxG1,G2,\u22ef,Gn,(13)which":[4726],"choosing":[4730],"hindsight)":[4735],"largest":[4740],"return.":[4741],"Choosing":[4742],"lower":[4754],"bound":[4755],"decreases":[4760],"too.":[4762],"Often,":[4763],"choice":[4765],"\u2248":[4767],"ln(n)/T":[4768],"trade-off":[4772],"(Chastain":[4773],"2014).This":[4776],"easy":[4780],"pi(t)":[4788],"entries":[4794],"transition":[4797,4812],"\"Markov":[4801],"gates\"":[4802],"encountered":[4805],"earlier.":[4806],"suppose":[4809],"3b,":[4817],"which,":[4818],"recall,":[4821],"motif,":[4832],"th":[4836]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385246010","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-03-19T05:34:56.669136","created_date":"2023-07-26"}