{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128009513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3444945","title":"A Theory of Robust API Knowledge","display_name":"A Theory of Robust API Knowledge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128009513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3444945","mag":"3128009513"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3444945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058544831","display_name":"Kyle Thayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9011-0970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Thayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090728813","display_name":"Sarah Chasins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-3580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah E. Chasins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037160778","display_name":"Amy J. Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy J. Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.936645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12478","display_name":"Wikis in Education and Collaboration","score":0.9033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copying","display_name":"Copying","score":0.6290939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.55432296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-documentation","display_name":"Software documentation","score":0.49018437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance","score":0.47853908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8072605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.66728127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.6290939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.55432296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.52009714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81587897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181702","display_name":"Software documentation","level":5,"score":0.49018437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.47853908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4296939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.41291666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3934096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.343145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19736561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180152950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904257","display_name":"Software development process","level":4,"score":0.18731463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3444945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.71,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11263958","https://openalex.org/W1232818691","https://openalex.org/W1522356730","https://openalex.org/W1540823594","https://openalex.org/W1561433840","https://openalex.org/W1884204318","https://openalex.org/W1969429349","https://openalex.org/W1986009928","https://openalex.org/W1986136221","https://openalex.org/W1990863537","https://openalex.org/W1991613282","https://openalex.org/W1993139624","https://openalex.org/W2006291142","https://openalex.org/W2008107570","https://openalex.org/W2016650943","https://openalex.org/W2051204868","https://openalex.org/W2059215200","https://openalex.org/W2066998448","https://openalex.org/W2092349198","https://openalex.org/W2100894766","https://openalex.org/W2108632968","https://openalex.org/W2114315419","https://openalex.org/W2118435948","https://openalex.org/W2122401044","https://openalex.org/W2123044578","https://openalex.org/W2126039230","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2141373759","https://openalex.org/W2160779131","https://openalex.org/W2161847731","https://openalex.org/W2162363818","https://openalex.org/W2163523895","https://openalex.org/W2168970028","https://openalex.org/W2604163133","https://openalex.org/W2604794021","https://openalex.org/W2739693438","https://openalex.org/W2745691994","https://openalex.org/W2767563557","https://openalex.org/W2777631817","https://openalex.org/W2794744449","https://openalex.org/W2796218495","https://openalex.org/W2883437537","https://openalex.org/W2898534553","https://openalex.org/W2913348136","https://openalex.org/W2937887962","https://openalex.org/W2974036012","https://openalex.org/W2997502590","https://openalex.org/W4235330579","https://openalex.org/W4235807395","https://openalex.org/W4246553962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244946961","https://openalex.org/W2915560446","https://openalex.org/W2915114672","https://openalex.org/W2901099344","https://openalex.org/W2896644753","https://openalex.org/W2896566650","https://openalex.org/W2789326730","https://openalex.org/W2739693438","https://openalex.org/W2617604339","https://openalex.org/W1988675148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Creating":[0],"modern":[1],"software":[2,11,39],"inevitably":[3],"requires":[4],"using":[5],"application":[6],"programming":[7],"interfaces":[8],"(APIs).":[9],"While":[10],"developers":[12],"can":[13,34,45],"sometimes":[14],"use":[15,87,177],"APIs":[16,89,111,243],"by":[17],"simply":[18],"copying":[19],"and":[20,41,86,115,136,186,190,199,215,219,240,255],"pasting":[21],"code":[22],"examples,":[23],"a":[24,71,138],"lack":[25],"of":[26,29,73,88,94,110,148,154,164,192,204,222],"robust":[27,74],"knowledge":[28,76,165,173],"how":[30,242],"an":[31,48,119],"API":[32,58,75,101,181,212,236],"works":[33],"lead":[35],"to":[36,61,79,122,140,151,251],"defects,":[37],"complicate":[38],"maintenance,":[40],"limit":[42],"what":[43,210,234],"someone":[44],"express":[46],"with":[47,104,113],"API.":[49],"Prior":[50],"work":[51,248],"has":[52],"uncovered":[53],"the":[54,97,100,107,146,172,175,180,184,188,193,220,224,228,257],"many":[55],"ways":[56],"that":[57,77,83,157],"documentation":[59],"fails":[60],"be":[62,245],"helpful,":[63],"though":[64],"rarely":[65],"describes":[66],"precisely":[67],"why.":[68],"We":[69,129],"present":[70,137],"theory":[72,135,198],"attempts":[78],"explain":[80],"why,":[81],"arguing":[82],"effective":[84],"understanding":[85],"depends":[90],"on":[91,183],"three":[92,162],"components":[93,153,163],"knowledge:":[95],"(1)":[96],"domain":[98],"concepts":[99],"models":[102],"along":[103,112],"terminology,":[105],"(2)":[106],"usage":[108],"patterns":[109],"rationale,":[114],"(3)":[116],"facts":[117],"about":[118,125],"API\u2019s":[120],"execution":[121],"support":[123,203],"reasoning":[124],"its":[126,205,263],"runtime":[127],"behavior.":[128],"derive":[130],"five":[131],"hypotheses":[132],"from":[133],"this":[134],"study":[139,144],"test":[141,254],"them.":[142],"Our":[143],"investigated":[145],"effect":[147],"having":[149],"access":[150],"these":[152,161],"knowledge,":[155],"finding":[156],"while":[158],"learners":[159],"requested":[160],"when":[166],"they":[167],"were":[168],"not":[169],"available,":[170],"whether":[171],"helped":[174],"learner":[176],"or":[178],"understand":[179],"depended":[182],"tasks":[185],"likely":[187],"relevance":[189],"quality":[191],"specific":[194],"information":[195,226,235],"provided.":[196],"The":[197],"our":[200],"evidence":[201],"in":[202],"claims":[206],"have":[207],"implications":[208],"for":[209,265],"content":[211],"documentation,":[213],"tutorials,":[214],"instruction":[216],"should":[217,238,244],"contain":[218],"importance":[221],"giving":[223],"right":[225,229],"at":[227],"time,":[230],"as":[231,233,259,261],"well":[232,260],"tools":[237],"compute,":[239],"even":[241],"designed.":[246],"Future":[247],"is":[249],"necessary":[250],"both":[252],"further":[253],"refine":[256],"theory,":[258],"exploit":[262],"ideas":[264],"better":[266],"instructional":[267],"design.":[268]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3128009513","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-03-16T07:00:29.369881","created_date":"2021-02-15"}