{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095668474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411495.3421353","title":"MARTINI","display_name":"MARTINI","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095668474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411495.3421353","mag":"3095668474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411495.3421353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108555152","display_name":"Yujun Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujun Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102323275","display_name":"Samuel Gonzalez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043289411","display_name":"Kevin Angstadt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-5257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100236772","display_name":"St. Lawrence University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pvqha70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100236772"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Angstadt","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100236772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460501","display_name":"Xiaowei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-7327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027544576","display_name":"Reetuparna Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-8342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reetuparna Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030030910","display_name":"Kevin Leach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Leach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michgian, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michgian, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.238677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":60,"max":69},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":null,"first_page":"77","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-hierarchy","display_name":"Memory hierarchy","score":0.51859045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-only-memory-architecture","display_name":"Cache-only memory architecture","score":0.48823097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.86427224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.64859027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778100165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589327","display_name":"Memory hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.51859045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5022919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3720319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015937","display_name":"Cache-only memory architecture","level":5,"score":0.48823097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4485513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44147053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42469323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.41686758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3848512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201148951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015976","display_name":"Cache coloring","level":4,"score":0.19453469}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411495.3421353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062949766","https://openalex.org/W2080947572","https://openalex.org/W2095519872","https://openalex.org/W2169875292","https://openalex.org/W2213612645","https://openalex.org/W2217152984","https://openalex.org/W2772969855","https://openalex.org/W2904896921","https://openalex.org/W2932551155","https://openalex.org/W3007346474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2532806932","https://openalex.org/W2497617944","https://openalex.org/W2380172837","https://openalex.org/W2350803493","https://openalex.org/W2243967874","https://openalex.org/W2167303720","https://openalex.org/W2081416538","https://openalex.org/W2007917904","https://openalex.org/W1981002423","https://openalex.org/W15724499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"architectural":[1,23,82],"vulnerabilities,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4],"Spectre":[5],"and":[6,39,43,108,131,151,168,173,215,233,237],"Meltdown,":[7],"are":[8,35,74,105],"difficult":[9],"or":[10],"inefficient":[11],"to":[12,37,62,189,206],"mitigate":[13],"in":[14,59,71,99,166,218],"software.":[15],"Although":[16],"revised":[17],"hardware":[18,177,227],"designs":[19],"may":[20],"address":[21],"some":[22],"vulnerabilities":[24],"going":[25],"forward,":[26],"most":[27],"current":[28],"remedies":[29],"increase":[30,217],"execution":[31],"time":[32,61],"significantly.":[33],"Techniques":[34],"needed":[36],"rapidly":[38,143],"efficiently":[40],"detect":[41,63],"these":[42,72],"other":[44],"emerging":[45],"threats.":[46],"We":[47,222],"present":[48,175,223],"an":[49],"anomaly":[50],"detector,":[51],"MARTINI,":[52],"that":[53,69,94,104,179],"analyzes":[54],"traces":[55,73],"of":[56,85,90,101,119,124,147,184,199,225],"memory":[57,102,125,191,200,234],"accesses":[58],"real":[60],"attacks.":[64],"Our":[65,193],"experimental":[66],"evaluation":[67],"shows":[68],"anomalies":[70,208],"strongly":[75],"correlated":[76],"with":[77,209],"unauthorized":[78],"program":[79,97],"execution,":[80],"including":[81],"side-channel":[83],"attacks":[84,152],"multiple":[86],"types.":[87],"MARTINI":[88],"consists":[89],"a":[91,116,145,176,181,185],"finite":[92],"automaton":[93,205],"models":[95],"normal":[96],"behavior":[98],"terms":[100],"addresses":[103,198],"read":[106],"from,":[107],"written":[109],"to,":[110],"at":[111,157],"runtime.":[112],"The":[113],"model":[114],"uses":[115],"compact":[117],"representation":[118],"n-grams,":[120],"i.e.,":[121],"short":[122],"sequences":[123],"accesses,":[126,201],"which":[127],"can":[128],"be":[129],"stored":[130],"processed":[132],"efficiently.":[133],"Once":[134],"the":[135,158,197,203],"system":[136],"is":[137],"trained":[138],"on":[139,230],"authorized":[140],"behavior,":[141],"it":[142],"detects":[144],"variety":[146],"low-level":[148],"anomalous":[149],"behaviors":[150],"not":[153],"otherwise":[154],"easily":[155],"discernible":[156],"software":[159],"level.":[160],"MARTINI's":[161],"implementation":[162],"leverages":[163],"recent":[164],"advances":[165],"in-cache":[167],"in-memory":[169],"automata":[170],"for":[171],"computation,":[172],"we":[174],"unit":[178],"repurposes":[180],"small":[182],"portion":[183],"last-level":[186],"cache":[187,232],"slice":[188],"monitor":[190],"addresses.":[192],"detector":[194],"directly":[195],"inspects":[196],"using":[202],"pre-constructed":[204],"identify":[207],"high":[210],"accuracy,":[211],"negligible":[212],"runtime":[213],"overhead,":[214],"trivial":[216],"CPU":[219],"chip":[220],"area.":[221],"analyses":[224],"expected":[226],"properties":[228],"based":[229],"indicative":[231],"hierarchy":[235],"simulations":[236],"empirical":[238],"evaluations.":[239]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3095668474","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-12-24T23:19:02.420305","created_date":"2020-11-09"}