{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995364870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373270","title":"A Formal Approach to Physics-based Attacks in Cyber-physical Systems","display_name":"A Formal Approach to Physics-based Attacks in Cyber-physical Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995364870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373270","mag":"2995364870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/120193634/mainFinal_Pure.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090347665","display_name":"Ruggero Lanotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-234X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruggero Lanotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Insubria, Como, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Insubria, Como, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051857172","display_name":"Massimo Merro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-7492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Merro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028603974","display_name":"Andrei Munteanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Munteanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101515402","display_name":"Luca Vigan\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Vigan\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["King\u2019s College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.321,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"pdf","cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999983,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9975,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.74898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability","score":0.69882226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation","score":0.47665554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.42582136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.74898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.69882226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6611396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5779751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5468892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.511784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.5096748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.49801755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.47665554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.430506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.42582136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2714429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2245999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1315617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12793729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12333417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08432835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3373270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/7a06c3b0-e712-4ff7-ad05-c5ed5d84a363","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/120193634/mainFinal_Pure.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["King's College London"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/120193634/mainFinal_Pure.pdf","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/120193634/mainFinal_Pure.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["King's College London"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/7a06c3b0-e712-4ff7-ad05-c5ed5d84a363","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/120193634/mainFinal_Pure.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["King's College London"],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.56,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557652964","https://openalex.org/W1601449964","https://openalex.org/W168836647","https://openalex.org/W1862398452","https://openalex.org/W1962072139","https://openalex.org/W1972523481","https://openalex.org/W1972809722","https://openalex.org/W1993619428","https://openalex.org/W2001026449","https://openalex.org/W2004463571","https://openalex.org/W2006340882","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2041228127","https://openalex.org/W2042587503","https://openalex.org/W2044667269","https://openalex.org/W2049768769","https://openalex.org/W2060095702","https://openalex.org/W2067064328","https://openalex.org/W2069038223","https://openalex.org/W2077815947","https://openalex.org/W2082281040","https://openalex.org/W2085434887","https://openalex.org/W2126489030","https://openalex.org/W2131263964","https://openalex.org/W2143842190","https://openalex.org/W2152106854","https://openalex.org/W2166423024","https://openalex.org/W2176215692","https://openalex.org/W2188972169","https://openalex.org/W2225586860","https://openalex.org/W2320844599","https://openalex.org/W2395334218","https://openalex.org/W2484443848","https://openalex.org/W2519655440","https://openalex.org/W2545579647","https://openalex.org/W2560421581","https://openalex.org/W2617246254","https://openalex.org/W275084143","https://openalex.org/W2787260237","https://openalex.org/W2791546414","https://openalex.org/W2797046864","https://openalex.org/W2798427558","https://openalex.org/W2799169671","https://openalex.org/W2803279029","https://openalex.org/W2803355698","https://openalex.org/W2803684864","https://openalex.org/W2885880873","https://openalex.org/W2886619230","https://openalex.org/W2903296787","https://openalex.org/W2903794073","https://openalex.org/W2914925440","https://openalex.org/W2963535556","https://openalex.org/W3047659890","https://openalex.org/W3100571116","https://openalex.org/W3104838769","https://openalex.org/W4243940851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229048927","https://openalex.org/W3099113830","https://openalex.org/W3094048663","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W2994120531","https://openalex.org/W2756692340","https://openalex.org/W2152192540","https://openalex.org/W2108326965","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W190251865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,24,57,71,129,155],"apply":[1],"formal":[2,28],"methods":[3],"to":[4,10,38,63,88,106,112,132,205],"lay":[5],"and":[6,16,33,40,44,67,102,143,159,202],"streamline":[7],"theoretical":[8],"foundations":[9],"reason":[11],"about":[12],"Cyber-Physical":[13],"Systems":[14],"(CPSs)":[15],"physics-based":[17,68,126,208],"attacks,":[18,117],"i.e.,":[19],"attacks":[20,37,79,99,209],"targeting":[21],"physical":[22],"devices.":[23],"focus":[25],"on":[26,45,119,140],"a":[27,59,73,90,113,120,137,141,163,192],"treatment":[29],"of":[30,35,42,49,116,123,136,147,151,174,196],"both":[31,65],"integrity":[32],"denial":[34],"service":[36],"sensors":[39],"actuators":[41],"CPSs,":[43],"the":[46,104,134,148,171,175],"timing":[47],"aspects":[48],"these":[50,98],"attacks.":[51,69],"Our":[52],"contributions":[53],"are":[54],"fourfold.":[55],"(1)":[56],"define":[58],"hybrid":[60],"process":[61],"calculus":[62],"model":[64,75,178],"CPSs":[66],"(2)":[70],"formalise":[72,130],"threat":[74],"that":[76,80],"specifies":[77],"MITM":[78],"can":[81],"manipulate":[82],"sensor":[83],"readings":[84],"or":[85],"control":[86],"commands":[87],"drive":[89],"CPS":[91,142],"into":[92,100],"an":[93,152,186],"undesired":[94],"state;":[95],"we":[96,180],"group":[97],"classes":[101],"provide":[103],"means":[105],"assess":[107],"attack":[108,139],"tolerance/vulnerability":[109],"with":[110,210],"respect":[111],"given":[114],"class":[115],"based":[118],"proper":[121],"notion":[122],"most":[124],"powerful":[125],"attack.":[127,153],"(3)":[128],"how":[131],"estimate":[133],"impact":[135],"successful":[138],"investigate":[144],"possible":[145],"quantifications":[146],"success":[149],"chances":[150],"(4)":[154],"illustrate":[156],"our":[157,197],"definitions":[158],"results":[160],"by":[161],"formalising":[162],"non-trivial":[164],"running":[165,198],"example":[166,199],"in":[167,200],"U":[168,176,182],"PPAAL":[169,177,183],"SMC,":[170],"statistical":[172],"extension":[173],"checker;":[179],"use":[181],"SMC":[184],"as":[185],"automatic":[187],"tool":[188],"for":[189],"carrying":[190],"out":[191],"static":[193],"security":[194],"analysis":[195],"isolation":[201],"when":[203],"exposed":[204],"three":[206],"different":[207,211],"impacts.":[212]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2995364870","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2024-12-07T21:29:41.088012","created_date":"2019-12-26"}