{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043794661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/320251.320253","title":"Developing a natural language interface to complex data","display_name":"Developing a natural language interface to complex data","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043794661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/320251.320253","mag":"2043794661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/320251.320253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90119964","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems","issn_l":"0362-5915","issn":["0362-5915","1557-4644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058883766","display_name":"Gary G. Hendrix","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary G. Hendrix","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088070089","display_name":"Earl D. Sacerdoti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Earl D. Sacerdoti","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033069469","display_name":"Daniel Sagalowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sagalowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073249903","display_name":"Jonathan Slocum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Slocum","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":53.3,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"ngrams","cited_by_count":535,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999308,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"105","last_page":"147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-programming","display_name":"Natural language programming","score":0.6254437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6043643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface-description-language","display_name":"Interface description language","score":0.5904921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-control-language","display_name":"Data control language","score":0.58538544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.46365035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.4625259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-definition-language","display_name":"Data definition language","score":0.42063236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9351582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174252522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816772","display_name":"Natural language user interface","level":3,"score":0.75458324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.6254437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6043643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177216440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044749","display_name":"Interface description language","level":3,"score":0.5904921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32977378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604737","display_name":"Data control language","level":5,"score":0.58538544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5569489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5499874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.48733553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.46365035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.4625259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55596503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431648","display_name":"Data definition language","level":3,"score":0.42063236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.41960382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4153233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39430687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3419183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.30911213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148840519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049878","display_name":"Database design","level":2,"score":0.25004125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.1915423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14645419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.11587998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/320251.320253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90119964","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems","issn_l":"0362-5915","issn":["0362-5915","1557-4644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493286568","https://openalex.org/W1516140354","https://openalex.org/W1578914801","https://openalex.org/W1594364648","https://openalex.org/W1614081703","https://openalex.org/W1626886912","https://openalex.org/W1662674455","https://openalex.org/W1730254593","https://openalex.org/W1817451992","https://openalex.org/W1931484673","https://openalex.org/W1973644634","https://openalex.org/W1980351672","https://openalex.org/W1982071730","https://openalex.org/W2019887752","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2159229848","https://openalex.org/W2592184324","https://openalex.org/W285709377","https://openalex.org/W3036961054","https://openalex.org/W4231200349","https://openalex.org/W53998823","https://openalex.org/W63493895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966456103","https://openalex.org/W2582259396","https://openalex.org/W2414638272","https://openalex.org/W2273803683","https://openalex.org/W2188306582","https://openalex.org/W2177551970","https://openalex.org/W2159231020","https://openalex.org/W2043794661","https://openalex.org/W1818379103","https://openalex.org/W1572180878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aspects":[0],"of":[1,14,45,72,113],"an":[2],"intelligent":[3],"interface":[4],"that":[5,86,104],"provides":[6],"natural":[7,55,77,133],"language":[8,56,78,84,102,124,134],"access":[9,85],"to":[10,53,60,83,93],"a":[11,18,31],"large":[12],"body":[13],"data":[15],"distributed":[16],"over":[17],"computer":[19],"network":[20],"are":[21,120,140],"described.":[22],"The":[23,123],"overall":[24],"system":[25,106,118,125],"architecture":[26],"is":[27,33,66,95,126],"presented,":[28],"showing":[29],"how":[30],"user":[32],"buffered":[34],"from":[35],"the":[36,70,73,76,137],"actual":[37],"database":[38],"management":[39],"systems":[40],"(DBMSs)":[41],"by":[42,99],"three":[43],"layers":[44,49],"insulating":[46,74],"components.":[47],"These":[48],"operate":[50],"in":[51,131],"series":[52],"convert":[54],"queries":[57],"into":[58],"calls":[59],"DBMSs":[61],"at":[62],"remote":[63],"sites.":[64],"Attention":[65],"then":[67],"focused":[68],"on":[69],"first":[71],"components,":[75],"system.":[79],"A":[80],"pragmatic":[81],"approach":[82],"has":[87],"proved":[88],"useful":[89],"for":[90],"building":[91],"interfaces":[92],"databases":[94],"described":[96],"and":[97,116,136],"illustrated":[98],"examples.":[100],"Special":[101],"features":[103],"increase":[105],"usability,":[107],"such":[108],"as":[109],"spelling":[110],"correction,":[111],"processing":[112],"incomplete":[114],"inputs,":[115],"run-time":[117],"personalization,":[119],"also":[121],"discussed.":[122],"contrasted":[127],"with":[128],"other":[129],"work":[130],"applied":[132],"processing,":[135],"system's":[138],"limitations":[139],"analyzed.":[141]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2043794661","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-01-08T05:51:41.802184","created_date":"2016-06-24"}