{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082239143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016039.2016108","title":"A comparative study of the classification techniques in isolated Mandarin syllable tone recognition","display_name":"A comparative study of the classification techniques in isolated Mandarin syllable tone recognition","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082239143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016039.2016108","mag":"2082239143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016039.2016108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088208775","display_name":"Jiatang Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169615421","display_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n1hzn07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiatang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro, TN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro, TN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101422400","display_name":"Cen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-2253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169615421","display_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n1hzn07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro, TN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro, TN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169615421"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.228,"has_fulltext":true,"fulltext_origin":"ngrams","cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.355204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":72,"max":76},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"263","last_page":"269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.816099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.6715368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization","score":0.66873324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44645017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cepstrum","display_name":"Cepstrum","score":0.43672317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.41812903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.816099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6809476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.6715368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.66873324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6540785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.62986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6296792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5932045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.58964807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.50208426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.47935086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44645017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88485024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054571","display_name":"Cepstrum","level":2,"score":0.43672317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.41812903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3629769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27001774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.19833592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11692166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11248845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016039.2016108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.79}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132858152","https://openalex.org/W147159200","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1560596902","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1948499687","https://openalex.org/W2017187889","https://openalex.org/W2060365797","https://openalex.org/W2098584068","https://openalex.org/W2121962537","https://openalex.org/W2124776405","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2167953274","https://openalex.org/W2177077234","https://openalex.org/W3122330358","https://openalex.org/W31474995","https://openalex.org/W3193477162","https://openalex.org/W4205686602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2990005675","https://openalex.org/W2378008304","https://openalex.org/W2374317326","https://openalex.org/W2272290179","https://openalex.org/W2222951281","https://openalex.org/W2130417215","https://openalex.org/W2085876421","https://openalex.org/W2068412075","https://openalex.org/W1603321096","https://openalex.org/W156219719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tonal":[0],"languages,":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"Chinese,":[4],"use":[5],"systematic":[6],"variations":[7],"of":[8,62,88],"pitch":[9],"to":[10,52],"distinguish":[11],"lexical":[12],"or":[13],"grammatical":[14],"meaning.":[15],"Thus,":[16],"tone":[17,25,84],"recognition":[18,26],"is":[19,77],"essential":[20],"for":[21,27,47,56,73,83],"tonal":[22],"languages.":[23],"Typically,":[24],"isolated":[28],"syllables":[29],"involves":[30],"three":[31,49,109],"major":[32],"steps:":[33],"fundamental":[34,63],"frequency":[35,64],"(F0)":[36],"detection,":[37],"feature":[38,67,97],"extraction,":[39],"and":[40,51,66,75,94,102,106,119,122,130],"classification.":[41],"The":[42],"work":[43],"compares":[44],"different":[45],"techniques":[46],"these":[48],"steps":[50],"answer":[53],"the":[54,78],"questions:":[55],"Mandarin":[57],"Chinese":[58],"syllables,":[59],"what":[60,76],"combination":[61],"detection":[65,90],"extraction":[68,98],"methods":[69,91,113,125],"best":[70],"prepare":[71],"data":[72,140],"classification,":[74],"most":[79],"effective":[80],"classification":[81,124],"method":[82],"recognition.":[85],"Three":[86],"types":[87],"F0":[89,101],"(autocorrelation,":[92],"cross-correlation":[93],"cepstrum),":[95],"two":[96,123],"schemes":[99],"(sampled":[100],"average":[103],"F0,":[104],"slope":[105],"energy":[107],"from":[108],"subsegments),":[110],"four":[111],"normalization":[112],"(slope":[114],"only,":[115],"0--100":[116],"scaled,":[117],"z-score":[118],"T1":[120],"shift),":[121],"(Support":[126],"Vector":[127],"Machine":[128],"(SVM)":[129],"Multilayer":[131],"Perceptron":[132],"(MLP))":[133],"were":[134],"experimentally":[135],"studied":[136],"using":[137],"700":[138],"collected":[139],"samples.":[141]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2082239143","counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2024-12-17T13:36:26.547166","created_date":"2016-06-24"}