{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281476385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602","title":"Submillimeter-scale multimaterial terrestrial robots","display_name":"Submillimeter-scale multimaterial terrestrial robots","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281476385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35613299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020203925","display_name":"Mengdi Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-7398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengdi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078979316","display_name":"Xiaogang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7102-4075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaogang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083385505","display_name":"Xuexian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-8766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuexian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001307157","display_name":"Cunman Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-5208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cunman Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038624492","display_name":"Hangbo Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103038488","display_name":"Qi\u2010Hui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5226-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030073571","display_name":"Wubin Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2872-5559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wubin Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403457","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-9887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069520740","display_name":"Heming Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heming Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049325703","display_name":"Changsheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019351635","display_name":"Qinghong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-4160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048046382","display_name":"Shenglian Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-9399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenglian Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051909282","display_name":"Bohan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bohan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012228964","display_name":"Yiyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-354X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081307415","display_name":"Quansan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8029-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quansan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052491096","display_name":"Yuhang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-1019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091653443","display_name":"Zhaoguo Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5514-885X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoguo Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090648836","display_name":"Jean Won Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-9242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Won Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020443678","display_name":"Tianqi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-3798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056409390","display_name":"Qing Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0445-6289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056191025","display_name":"Enming Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-904X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enming Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008218806","display_name":"Ziao Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-1502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziao Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044859916","display_name":"Yongfeng Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068283604","display_name":"Daining Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7122-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daining Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100375644","display_name":"Haixia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4565-4123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011255000","display_name":"Yonggang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-8359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683233","display_name":"Yihui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-2067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000988147","display_name":"John A. Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-5980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157890","display_name":"Neurological Surgery","ror":"https://ror.org/04r0gp612","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John A. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I4210157890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":16,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020203925","https://openalex.org/A5078979316","https://openalex.org/A5083385505","https://openalex.org/A5011255000","https://openalex.org/A5100683233","https://openalex.org/A5000988147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I4210157890"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.426,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.999974,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"66","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7087164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5233747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.48417503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.4301539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.42300618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.39304736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.34366393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29410136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2544616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25087696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080745","descriptor_name":"Smart Materials","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213233","display_name":"Science Robotics","issn_l":"2470-9476","issn":["2470-9476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35613299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515749184","https://openalex.org/W1545542339","https://openalex.org/W1930682875","https://openalex.org/W1976221960","https://openalex.org/W2035155402","https://openalex.org/W2036062641","https://openalex.org/W2040779745","https://openalex.org/W2047706052","https://openalex.org/W2050722886","https://openalex.org/W2066381236","https://openalex.org/W2071462488","https://openalex.org/W2089123823","https://openalex.org/W2152885336","https://openalex.org/W2157570937","https://openalex.org/W2159335762","https://openalex.org/W2168046319","https://openalex.org/W2183308536","https://openalex.org/W2189361793","https://openalex.org/W2285898182","https://openalex.org/W2323956509","https://openalex.org/W2463052324","https://openalex.org/W2517713314","https://openalex.org/W2594664482","https://openalex.org/W2605221221","https://openalex.org/W2617647792","https://openalex.org/W2737491236","https://openalex.org/W2755569859","https://openalex.org/W2755921665","https://openalex.org/W2765116176","https://openalex.org/W2783801856","https://openalex.org/W2785110060","https://openalex.org/W2790084889","https://openalex.org/W2791750990","https://openalex.org/W2797697265","https://openalex.org/W2805926569","https://openalex.org/W2883766289","https://openalex.org/W2910086439","https://openalex.org/W2911624429","https://openalex.org/W2914242411","https://openalex.org/W2919247439","https://openalex.org/W2955102412","https://openalex.org/W2957257771","https://openalex.org/W2962826188","https://openalex.org/W2963981383","https://openalex.org/W2971278234","https://openalex.org/W2981066019","https://openalex.org/W2988276340","https://openalex.org/W2996185064","https://openalex.org/W3000005319","https://openalex.org/W3007093837","https://openalex.org/W3007162068","https://openalex.org/W3011567119","https://openalex.org/W3030989713","https://openalex.org/W3035767355","https://openalex.org/W3044620001","https://openalex.org/W3044985981","https://openalex.org/W3081259278","https://openalex.org/W3092735877","https://openalex.org/W3134259965","https://openalex.org/W3138736456","https://openalex.org/W3201379615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W41015297","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W1496222301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robots":[0],"with":[1,72,114],"submillimeter":[2],"dimensions":[3],"are":[4],"of":[5,32,53,99,111,124,134,138,175,194,200],"interest":[6],"for":[7,13,23,131],"applications":[8],"that":[9,36,63,95],"range":[10,96],"from":[11,97,143],"tools":[12],"minimally":[14],"invasive":[15],"surgical":[16],"procedures":[17],"in":[18,26,40,46,59,93,183,196],"clinical":[19],"medicine":[20],"to":[21,67,88,104,151,190],"vehicles":[22],"manipulating":[24],"cells/tissues":[25],"biology":[27],"research.":[28],"The":[29,81],"limited":[30],"classes":[31],"structures":[33,92,164],"and":[34,51,61,77,101,107,120,140,146,156,168,178,187],"materials":[35,171],"can":[37],"be":[38],"used":[39],"such":[41,165],"robots,":[42],"however,":[43],"create":[44,89],"challenges":[45],"achieving":[47],"desired":[48],"performance":[49],"parameters":[50],"modes":[52],"operation.":[54],"Here,":[55],"we":[56],"introduce":[57],"approaches":[58],"manufacturing":[60,82],"actuation":[62],"address":[64],"these":[65,135],"constraints":[66],"enable":[68],"untethered,":[69],"terrestrial":[70],"robots":[71],"complex,":[73],"three-dimensional":[74],"(3D)":[75],"geometries":[76],"heterogeneous":[78],"material":[79],"construction.":[80],"procedure":[83],"exploits":[84],"controlled":[85],"mechanical":[86],"buckling":[87],"3D":[90],"multimaterial":[91],"layouts":[94],"arrays":[98],"filaments":[100],"origami":[102],"constructs":[103],"biomimetic":[105],"configurations":[106],"others.":[108],"A":[109],"balance":[110],"forces":[112],"associated":[113],"a":[115,191],"one-way":[116],"shape":[117],"memory":[118],"alloy":[119],"the":[121,129],"elastic":[122],"resilience":[123],"an":[125],"encapsulating":[126],"shell":[127],"provides":[128],"basis":[130],"reversible":[132],"deformations":[133],"structures.":[136],"Modes":[137],"locomotion":[139],"manipulation":[141],"span":[142],"bending,":[144],"twisting,":[145],"expansion":[147],"upon":[148,158],"global":[149],"heating":[150],"linear/curvilinear":[152],"crawling,":[153],"walking,":[154],"turning,":[155],"jumping":[157],"laser-induced":[159],"local":[160],"thermal":[161],"actuation.":[162],"Photonic":[163],"as":[166],"retroreflectors":[167],"colorimetric":[169],"sensing":[170,188],"support":[172],"simple":[173],"forms":[174],"wireless":[176],"monitoring":[177],"localization.":[179],"These":[180],"collective":[181],"advances":[182],"materials,":[184],"manufacturing,":[185],"actuation,":[186],"add":[189],"growing":[192],"body":[193],"capabilities":[195],"this":[197],"emerging":[198],"field":[199],"technology.":[201]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4281476385","counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-04-30T21:49:32.978039","created_date":"2022-05-26"}