{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313595411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13217","title":"Associations between Socioeconomic Status, Cognition, and Brain Structure: Evaluating Potential Causal Pathways Through Mechanistic Models of Development","display_name":"Associations between Socioeconomic Status, Cognition, and Brain Structure: Evaluating Potential Causal Pathways Through Mechanistic Models of Development","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313595411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13217","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"review","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080481951","display_name":"Michael S. C. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8231-6011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","display_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. C. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London","Developmental Neurocognition Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, 3 Quantinuum UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Developmental Neurocognition Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, 3 Quantinuum UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112889375","display_name":"Selma Coecke","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Selma Coecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantinuum"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantinuum","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080481951","https://openalex.org/A5112889375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.676271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11629","display_name":"Birth, Development, and Health","score":0.9934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11629","display_name":"Birth, Development, and Health","score":0.9934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9878,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.6536232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.41990674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6967538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.6536232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.652918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779632907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13444883","display_name":"Brain Structure and Function","level":3,"score":0.64775836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.62634337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.53569764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5339908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.41990674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.4137508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2891913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12565354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1213218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11265731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.102886915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012923","descriptor_name":"Social Class","qualifier_ui":"","qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36607218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institutes of Health"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.65,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1762657676","https://openalex.org/W1969952564","https://openalex.org/W1974435914","https://openalex.org/W1976422916","https://openalex.org/W1980294244","https://openalex.org/W1987858724","https://openalex.org/W1990257603","https://openalex.org/W1993227273","https://openalex.org/W2000113085","https://openalex.org/W2003539800","https://openalex.org/W2014881046","https://openalex.org/W2015929848","https://openalex.org/W2018329895","https://openalex.org/W2018329909","https://openalex.org/W2029029903","https://openalex.org/W2031779126","https://openalex.org/W2033200260","https://openalex.org/W2035319691","https://openalex.org/W2040052684","https://openalex.org/W2046141452","https://openalex.org/W2046942679","https://openalex.org/W2055404511","https://openalex.org/W2065452594","https://openalex.org/W2066276157","https://openalex.org/W2070635008","https://openalex.org/W2089810490","https://openalex.org/W2091986810","https://openalex.org/W2098605272","https://openalex.org/W2102302531","https://openalex.org/W2105416775","https://openalex.org/W2106915081","https://openalex.org/W2107189769","https://openalex.org/W2113359311","https://openalex.org/W2117566057","https://openalex.org/W2120731293","https://openalex.org/W2122739133","https://openalex.org/W2130126802","https://openalex.org/W2130530844","https://openalex.org/W2131252214","https://openalex.org/W2134744704","https://openalex.org/W2138169601","https://openalex.org/W2138945575","https://openalex.org/W2139334228","https://openalex.org/W2152292563","https://openalex.org/W2154517380","https://openalex.org/W2156266906","https://openalex.org/W2159474292","https://openalex.org/W2162424711","https://openalex.org/W2164417916","https://openalex.org/W2164522172","https://openalex.org/W2165345255","https://openalex.org/W2168205868","https://openalex.org/W2168552356","https://openalex.org/W2197899923","https://openalex.org/W2258769962","https://openalex.org/W2291118760","https://openalex.org/W2340242518","https://openalex.org/W2477882401","https://openalex.org/W2500768806","https://openalex.org/W2522791525","https://openalex.org/W2528342610","https://openalex.org/W2528367599","https://openalex.org/W2740511514","https://openalex.org/W2751743470","https://openalex.org/W2759595435","https://openalex.org/W2771056400","https://openalex.org/W2785525831","https://openalex.org/W2800231721","https://openalex.org/W2806395345","https://openalex.org/W2848694795","https://openalex.org/W2865736256","https://openalex.org/W2886097015","https://openalex.org/W2895693082","https://openalex.org/W2896342372","https://openalex.org/W2922189960","https://openalex.org/W2924863612","https://openalex.org/W2942704454","https://openalex.org/W2945436418","https://openalex.org/W2949900545","https://openalex.org/W2950277050","https://openalex.org/W2952710756","https://openalex.org/W2958498709","https://openalex.org/W2963176674","https://openalex.org/W2964694953","https://openalex.org/W2974582045","https://openalex.org/W2976878096","https://openalex.org/W2980639401","https://openalex.org/W2982818586","https://openalex.org/W2984486187","https://openalex.org/W2985712322","https://openalex.org/W2989813956","https://openalex.org/W2995903718","https://openalex.org/W2997779145","https://openalex.org/W2999407845","https://openalex.org/W3004895274","https://openalex.org/W3011154449","https://openalex.org/W3016391357","https://openalex.org/W3026770126","https://openalex.org/W3037965120","https://openalex.org/W3043237742","https://openalex.org/W3043329601","https://openalex.org/W3093515859","https://openalex.org/W3095744893","https://openalex.org/W3125426344","https://openalex.org/W3127205570","https://openalex.org/W3155595175","https://openalex.org/W3157378538","https://openalex.org/W3163219501","https://openalex.org/W3197970891","https://openalex.org/W4207040139","https://openalex.org/W421073891","https://openalex.org/W4298742451","https://openalex.org/W4300094198","https://openalex.org/W4311274557","https://openalex.org/W4366495027","https://openalex.org/W4390122741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4291219873","https://openalex.org/W2941249032","https://openalex.org/W2412146723","https://openalex.org/W2394923047","https://openalex.org/W2319738066","https://openalex.org/W2202315113","https://openalex.org/W208082203","https://openalex.org/W2032890565","https://openalex.org/W1581275382","https://openalex.org/W14958684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Differences":[1],"in":[2,10,14,33,114,130,144,229,235,259],"socioeconomic":[3],"status":[4],"(SES)":[5],"correlate":[6],"both":[7],"with":[8,142,181,226],"differences":[9,32,228,234],"cognitive":[11,34,237],"development":[12,153,232],"and":[13,20,28,40,49,66,92,108,139,154,233],"brain":[15,21,138,197,231],"structure.":[16],"Associations":[17],"between":[18],"SES":[19,54,205],"measures":[22,195],"such":[23,36,62],"as":[24,37,63,275],"cortical":[25,29],"surface":[26],"area":[27],"thickness":[30],"mediate":[31],"skills":[35],"executive":[38],"function":[39],"language.":[41],"However,":[42],"causal":[43,75,79,100,131,176,218],"accounts":[44,80,101,132,295],"that":[45,184,223],"link":[46,185],"SES,":[47],"brain,":[48],"behavior":[50],"are":[51,69,224],"challenging":[52],"because":[53],"is":[55],"a":[56,89,159],"multidimensional":[57],"construct:":[58],"correlated":[59],"environmental":[60,221,297],"factors,":[61],"family":[64],"income":[65],"parental":[67],"education,":[68],"only":[70],"distal":[71],"markers":[72],"for":[73,220,251],"proximal":[74],"pathways.":[76],"Moreover,":[77],"the":[78,103,122,137,148,156,173,212,242,246,252,266,276,279,287],"themselves":[81],"must":[82],"span":[83],"multiple":[84,273],"levels":[85],"of":[86,124,133,151,158,163,175,187,196,201,248,269,278,289,296],"description,":[87],"employ":[88],"developmental":[90,115,134,260],"perspective,":[91],"integrate":[93],"genetic":[94],"effects":[95,135,206,268],"on":[96,136,166,204,272,299],"individual":[97,300],"differences.":[98,301],"Nevertheless,":[99],"have":[102],"potential":[104,157,253],"to":[105,111,127,171,190,214,244,254,256,265,282,292],"inform":[106],"policy":[107],"guide":[109],"interventions":[110],"reduce":[112,257],"gaps":[113,258],"outcomes.":[116,261],"In":[117],"this":[118],"article,":[119],"we":[120,285],"review":[121],"range":[123],"empirical":[125,202],"data":[126,203],"be":[128,208],"integrated":[129],"cognition":[140],"associated":[141,225],"variation":[143],"SES.":[145],"We":[146,178,210,239],"take":[147],"specific":[149],"example":[150],"language":[152],"evaluate":[155],"multiscale":[160],"computational":[161],"model":[162,213,243,263],"development,":[164],"based":[165],"an":[167],"artificial":[168],"neural":[169],"network,":[170],"support":[172],"construction":[174],"accounts.":[177],"show":[179],"how,":[180],"bridging":[182],"assumptions":[183],"properties":[186],"network":[188],"structure":[189],"magnetic":[191],"resonance":[192],"imaging":[193],"(MRI)":[194],"structure,":[198],"different":[199],"sets":[200],"can":[207],"connected.":[209],"use":[211,241],"contrast":[215],"two":[216],"possible":[217],"pathways":[219,274],"influences":[222,298],"SES:":[227],"prenatal":[230],"postnatal":[236],"stimulation.":[238],"then":[240],"explore":[245],"implications":[247],"each":[249],"pathway":[250],"intervene":[255],"The":[262],"points":[264],"cumulative":[267],"social":[270],"disadvantage":[271],"source":[277],"poorest":[280],"response":[281],"interventions.":[283],"Overall,":[284],"highlight":[286],"importance":[288],"implemented":[290],"models":[291],"test":[293],"competing":[294]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313595411","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-01-21T08:04:31.051146","created_date":"2023-01-06"}