{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086994769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190306","title":"Reinforcement Learning based Droplet Routing Algorithm for Digital Microfluidic Biochips","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning based Droplet Routing Algorithm for Digital Microfluidic Biochips","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086994769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190306","mag":"3086994769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"proceedings-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050038286","display_name":"Kolluri Rajesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-7225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kolluri Rajesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022366351","display_name":"Anand Tirkey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-077X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Tirkey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101938751","display_name":"Anirban Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071556760","display_name":"Sumanta Pyne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7860-4002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumanta Pyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.59,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.692946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":73,"max":76},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochip","display_name":"Biochip","score":0.8908577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-microfluidics","display_name":"Digital Microfluidics","score":0.64882195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-algorithm","display_name":"Routing algorithm","score":0.5141373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.8908577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.82247746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.73608816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6531688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92444450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276112","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","level":4,"score":0.64882195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.56968457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984173633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Routing algorithm","level":4,"score":0.5141373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2881149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.19064444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.19026342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779673822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907239","display_name":"Electrowetting","level":3,"score":0.18873584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.15673724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.092335075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"grants":[],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603428277","https://openalex.org/W1891878817","https://openalex.org/W1902734869","https://openalex.org/W1909235131","https://openalex.org/W2043906215","https://openalex.org/W2058157955","https://openalex.org/W2066225194","https://openalex.org/W2084703732","https://openalex.org/W2099652466","https://openalex.org/W2109508253","https://openalex.org/W2116725029","https://openalex.org/W2119985798","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2124253086","https://openalex.org/W2127538459","https://openalex.org/W2142581655","https://openalex.org/W2142595132","https://openalex.org/W2155092053","https://openalex.org/W2166910382","https://openalex.org/W2753728801","https://openalex.org/W2767347856","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4235776141","https://openalex.org/W4244008682","https://openalex.org/W4247435749","https://openalex.org/W4254228661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235248979","https://openalex.org/W2791832251","https://openalex.org/W2757330072","https://openalex.org/W2738065864","https://openalex.org/W2624661525","https://openalex.org/W2593620286","https://openalex.org/W2074654211","https://openalex.org/W2029481052","https://openalex.org/W1966788972","https://openalex.org/W1834829329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"Microfluidic":[1],"Biochips":[2],"(DMFBs)":[3],"are":[4,20,121,137],"part":[5],"of":[6,15,69,99],"lab-on-a-chip":[7],"(LOC)":[8],"devices":[9],"and":[10,34,76,130,145],"comes":[11],"under":[12],"the":[13,62,114,118],"category":[14],"micro-electro-mechanical":[16],"systems":[17],"(MEMS).":[18],"DMFBs":[19,30,36,56],"designed":[21,53],"to":[22,41,57,93],"be":[23,125],"an":[24,108],"alternative":[25],"for":[26,54,87,116,127],"traditional":[27],"biochemical":[28],"laboratories.":[29],"achieve":[31],"miniaturization,":[32],"automation,":[33],"programmability.":[35],"use":[37],"electro-wetting-on-dielectric":[38],"(EWOD)":[39],"property":[40],"manipulate":[42],"droplets":[43],"on-chip":[44],"discretely.":[45],"Several":[46],"computer-aided":[47],"design":[48,59],"(CAD)":[49],"techniques":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52],"synthesizing":[55],"reduce":[58],"complexity.":[60],"Finding":[61],"concurrent":[63],"routes":[64,123],"between":[65,102],"all":[66,117],"source-target":[67,104,119],"pairs":[68,120],"a":[70,73,80,95,103],"bioassay":[71],"is":[72,91,107,141],"challenging":[74],"problem":[75],"NP-Complete.":[77],"We":[78],"proposed":[79,152],"reinforcement":[81,110],"learning":[82,111],"based":[83],"droplet":[84,153],"routing":[85,154],"algorithm":[86,155],"DMFBs.":[88],"Q-learning":[89,106],"technique":[90],"used":[92],"determine":[94],"certain":[96],"predefined":[97],"number":[98],"optimal":[100],"paths":[101,115],"pair.":[105],"off-policy":[109],"algorithm.":[112],"After":[113],"determined,":[122],"will":[124],"checked":[126],"constraint":[128],"violations":[129,136],"collisions.":[131],"If":[132],"any":[133],"collisions":[134],"or":[135],"found,":[138],"route":[139],"compaction":[140],"done":[142],"using":[143],"stalling":[144],"detouring.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"that":[150],"our":[151],"outperformed":[156],"compared":[157],"algorithms.":[158]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3086994769","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-04-19T07:50:18.906555","created_date":"2020-09-21"}