{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367663350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3271631","title":"A Flexible Design for Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface\u2014A Sub-Array Architecture","display_name":"A Flexible Design for Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface\u2014A Sub-Array Architecture","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367663350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3271631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3271631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072765412","display_name":"Yanze Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanze Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355814","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-783X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351507","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048817096","display_name":"Qingqing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-3266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059252324","display_name":"Qingjiang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-9080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingjiang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]}],"institution_assertions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.723004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":90},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"12884","last_page":"12899"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.4683385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.72970355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.618854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6103428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5604453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5524704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.51521236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.4683385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.46166164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45279655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44962746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43126768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.39146432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36710453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32655683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.29308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19927847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19161206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3271631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_indexed_in_scopus":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"grants":[{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award_id":"61971088"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award_id":"62231019"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320323086","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award_id":"2020-MS108"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","award_id":"0108/2020/A"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","award_id":"0119/2020/A3"},{"funder":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award_id":"DUT20GJ214"}],"datasets":[],"versions":[],"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1928152501","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2109005286","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2896818817","https://openalex.org/W2948573205","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2965065251","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2988443912","https://openalex.org/W3011747750","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3038534820","https://openalex.org/W3082208370","https://openalex.org/W3089065083","https://openalex.org/W3091752016","https://openalex.org/W3093038630","https://openalex.org/W3095415448","https://openalex.org/W3103833233","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3135869382","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3156456874","https://openalex.org/W3167780269","https://openalex.org/W3176104720","https://openalex.org/W3176295105","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3185482389","https://openalex.org/W3189202224","https://openalex.org/W3197488186","https://openalex.org/W3197986982","https://openalex.org/W3205135478","https://openalex.org/W3208229673","https://openalex.org/W3211897542","https://openalex.org/W3213706254","https://openalex.org/W4214639830","https://openalex.org/W4226367728","https://openalex.org/W4285120591","https://openalex.org/W4309400127","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4318586167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W3013241373","https://openalex.org/W2790025453","https://openalex.org/W2356834760","https://openalex.org/W2327053383","https://openalex.org/W2127563499","https://openalex.org/W2030191005","https://openalex.org/W2027568561","https://openalex.org/W1964600846","https://openalex.org/W1865172210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14],"emerging":[1],"reconfigurable":[2],"intelligent":[3,90],"surface":[4,91],"(RIS)":[5],"technology":[6],"has":[7,17,40],"nowadays":[8],"been":[9,42],"cast":[10],"with":[11,95,112,176,181],"great":[12],"attentions.":[13],"latest":[15],"research":[16],"unveiled":[18],"that":[19,167],"the":[20,26,54,60,67,88,110,121,150,156,177,195],"severe":[21],"double-fading":[22,61],"effect":[23],"significantly":[24,193],"restricts":[25],"coverage":[27],"of":[28],"pure":[29],"passive":[30],"RIS.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,77,146],"context,":[34],"a":[35,81,182],"novel":[36,82],"active":[37,45,55,68],"RIS":[38,56,84,190],"architecture":[39,104,191],"recently":[41],"proposed,":[43],"where":[44],"components":[46,69],"are":[47],"employed":[48],"to":[49,107,117,140,160],"magnify":[50],"incident":[51],"signals.":[52],"Although":[53],"can":[57,171,192],"effectively":[58],"combat":[59],"loss,":[62],"one":[63,106],"potential":[64],"drawback":[65],"is":[66,136],"also":[70],"bring":[71],"non-negligible":[72],"energy":[73,132],"expenditure.":[74],"To":[75,144],"overcome":[76],"shortcoming,":[78],"we":[79,148],"propose":[80],"sub-array-based":[83,189],"construction,":[85],"which":[86],"partitions":[87],"entire":[89],"into":[92],"multiple":[93],"sub-arrays":[94,111],"each":[96],"sub-array":[97,123],"being":[98],"flexibly":[99],"switched":[100],"on/off.":[101],"This":[102],"new":[103],"entitles":[105],"wisely":[108],"deactivate":[109],"poor":[113],"channel":[114],"fading":[115],"gains":[116],"save":[118],"energy.":[119],"Mathematically,":[120],"joint":[122],"activation":[124],"and":[125,131,155,197],"beamforming":[126],"design":[127],"towards":[128],"power":[129,196],"consumption":[130],"efficiency":[133],"(EE)":[134],"optimization":[135],"highly":[137],"challenging":[138],"due":[139],"its":[141],"combinatorial":[142],"nature.":[143],"resolve":[145],"challenge,":[147],"combine":[149],"group":[151],"sparsity":[152],"inducing":[153],"method":[154],"majorization-minimization":[157],"(MM)":[158],"framework":[159],"develop":[161],"efficient":[162],"solutions.":[163],"Numerical":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"our":[168,187],"proposed":[169,188],"solutions":[170],"achieve":[172],"nearly":[173],"identical":[174],"performance":[175],"exhaustive-search":[178],"methods,":[179],"but":[180],"much":[183],"lower":[184],"complexity.":[185],"Besides,":[186],"improve":[194],"EE":[198],"performance.":[199]},"abstract_inverted_index_v3":null,"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4367663350","counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-05-01T03:39:11.805706","created_date":"2023-05-03"}